1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 17 Therapy James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

2. Fact vs. Falsehood z1. “Psychoanalysis” is another word for “psychotherapy.” z2. Regardless of their theoretical orientation, therapists agree that self- awareness is the key to overcoming psychological problems. z3. Group therapy is used primarily because it saves time and money. z4. Most people who suffer psychological problems become worse without therapy. z5. Research suggests that the alternative therapy of “therapeutic touch” seems to be particularly effective in treating feelings of loneliness. z6. The training and experience of the therapist is a crucial factor in determining therapeutic success. z7. The various therapies are so different that is impossible to find any commonalities. z8. The use of drugs has enabled thousands of schizophrenic patients who had been hospitalized to return to near-normal lives. z9. Many people have found relief from manic-depressive mood swings with a daily dose of cheap salt. z10. Electroconvulsive therapy is no longer used in the treatment of psychosocial disorders.

3. History of Treatment Dorothea Dix and Philippe Pinel

4. Therapy  Psychotherapy  an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties  Eclectic Approach  an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

5. Psychoanalysis (Freud)  Aims: bring repressed feelings to light and deal with them “know thyself”  Methods:  Free association  Resistance  blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material  Editting, forgetting, going “blank”  Interpretation  the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight  Transference  the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

6. Psychoanalysis zPsychdynamic Theory yProbe the patients’ history looking for incidents of repression yInterpersonal psychotherapy is more brief and often provided immediate relief

7. Humanistic (Rogers)  Focus: present and future, consciousness, responsibility, and promoting growth  Techniques  Client-Centered Therapy  genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth  Active Listening

8. Humanistic Therapy  Active Listening-empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

9. Behavior therapy :applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors  Classical Conditioning Techniques  Counterconditioning  procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors  includes systematic desensitization, exposoure therapy, progressive relaxation, virtual reality exposure conditioning and aversive conditioning

10. Behavior Therapy  Exposure Therapy  treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or reality) to the things they fear and avoid

11. Behavior Therapy  Systematic Desensitization  type of counterconditioning  associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli  commonly used to treat phobias  Aversive Conditioning  type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior  nausea ---> alcohol

12. Behavior Therapy  Systematic Desensitization

13. Behavior Therapy  Aversion therapy for alcoholics

14. Behavior Therapy  Operant Conditioning  Token Economy  an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior  patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats  Behavior Modification  Critics:  What happens when actions are no longer reinforced  Is it ethical to change another’s behavior?

15. Cognitive Therapy  Cognitive Therapy  teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting  based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions  For depression often works because they lack self-serving bias

16. Cognitive Therapy  The Cognitive Revolution

17. Cognitive Therapy  A cognitive perspective on psychological disorders

18. Cognitive Therapy  Cognitive therapy for depression

19. Cognitive Therapy  Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy  a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

20. Group and Family Therapies  Family Therapy  treats the family as a system  views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members  attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication  Groups often cost less

21. Evaluating Psychotherapies  To whom do people turn for help for psychological difficulties?

22. Client and Clinician’s Perspectives zClients: yEnter during/in crisis yMay need to believe it was worth the effort yGenerally like their therapists and speak well of them. yNo real control group z Clinicians yDon’t keep track of failures yMost see failures of other therapists

23. Evaluating Psychotherapies  Regression toward the mean  tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average  Placebo and belief tend toward this as well  Meta-analysis  procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies  Prove: therapy makes improvement more likely  Sometimes it’s not permanent  Therapy is most effective if the problem is clear cut

24. Evaluating Psychotherapies Poor outcome Good outcome Average untreated person Average psychotherapy client Number of persons 80% of untreated people have poorer outcomes than average treated person

25. The Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies zDepression – cognitive, interpersonal and behavioral zAnxiety – cognitive, exposure and stress inoculation zBulimia – cognitive- behavioral zErenesis – behavrio modification z Alternative Therapies: yTherapeutic touch “pushing energy fields into balance” is unproven yEMDR (Eye movement desensitization & reprocessing) xShort sessions of activiting eye movement xCritics: exposre and placebo yLight Exposure Therapy xTreat SAD xworks

26. Evaluating Psychotherapies

27. Commonalities Among Psychotherapies zHope for demoralized people yBelief yplacebo zA new perspective often equals a new attitude zAn empathis, trusting, caring relationship yIf the therapist is good, it doesn’t matter what style

28. Biomedical Therapies  Psychopharmacology (study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior)  Antipsychotic Drugs  Dampen responsiveness to irrelavaent stimuli or awaken  Mimic dopamine  Lots of side effects  Antianxiety Drugs  Depress central nervous system  Some peole use in conjuction with therapy  Antidepressants  Increase availabilitly of norephinephrine or seratonin  Lithium is used to balance those with bipolar disorder  SSRIs are very popular  They take time to get into your system  Therapy and exercise also help  Not much difference when placebo is used

29. Biomedical Therapies  The emptying of U.S. mental hospitals

30. Biomedical Therapies

32.  Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)  therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient  Psychosurgery  surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior  lobotomy  now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients

33. Electroconvulsive Therapy