1. Unit 3: Cultural Patterns & Processes Ch. 4: Folk & Popular Culture

2. Culture ①Values ②Material Artifacts a)Survival (food, clothing, shelter) b)Leisure (arts, recreation) ③Political Institutions Similarities exist b/c of diffusion & migration Differences exist b/c of limited interaction Habit vs. Custom Culture = group’s entire collection of customs (culture traits) Folk vs. Popular culture Global vs. Local values

3. Key Issue #1: Where Do Folk & Popular Culture Originate & Diffuse? Origin of Folk & Popular Culture o Origin = hearth (center of innovation) o Folk – anonymous hearths (locations, dates, originators); multiple, independent hearths o Popular – product of MDC’s (N. America, Europe, Japan); due to increased leisure time Origin of Folk Music o Composed anonymously, transmitted orally, passed down through generations o Derived from major events or activities in daily life (farming, life-cycle, mysterious events, disasters)

4. Key Issue #1: Where Do Folk & Popular Culture Originate & Diffuse? Origin of Popular Music o Written by specific individuals to sell o Often requires technical skills, equipment, studios o Began around 1900 – music halls in UK, vaudeville in U.S. o Tin Pan Alley in Manhattan – cluster of music-related specialists; disappeared when recording became common after WWII o Diffusion of popular music in WWII with Armed Forces Radio Network (soldiers & citizens of other countries) – English often used for music in Japan, Poland, Russia o Hip Hop – South Bronx (NYC) in late 1970s – spread contagious to Queens, Brooklyn, Harlem – then hierarchical to other cities o Hip Hop is example of a local expression that diffused by globalization (CDs, tapes, Internet, radio, marketing, MTV)

5. Key Issue #1: Where Do Folk & Popular Culture Originate & Diffuse? Diffusion of Folk & Popular Cultures o Folk – slow to spread, small area, usually through migration (relocation) o Popular – rapid, extensive, large area, usually through hierarchical diffusion, spread by modern communication & transportation networks o Prominent nodes in U.S. – NYC & Hollywood (LA) Amish: Relocation Diffusion of Folk Culture o 80,000 in US over about 17 states o Jakob Ammann – Swiss Menonite bishop in 1600s o Bern, Switzerland; Alsace in NE France; SW Germany o Migrated within Europe for religious freedom in 1700s o Migrated to N. America: o Bern & SW Germany to PA in 1700s (William Penn low priced land) o Alsace to OH, IL, IA, & Ontario in early 1800s o Migrated for inexpensive land on frontier, retained traditional customs; left Lancaster County, PA for Christian & Todd Counties in KY for lower cost land and to escape tourists

6. Key Issue #1: Where Do Folk & Popular Culture Originate & Diffuse? Sports: Hierarchical Diffusion of Popular Culture o Often began as isolated folk customs & diffused by migration o Organized sports spread by hierarchical diffusion and became popular culture o Folk Culture Origin of Soccer Most popular sport in world (called football outside of U.S.) Began b/t 1018-1042 in England (Danish soldier heads or inflated cow bladders) Kicked between rival villages o Globalization of Soccer Early 1800s – football clubs began by churches or factories Sports taught in school (like PE) Increased leisure time to play professionally and watch Rules standardized in 1863 (soccer vs. rugby) Diffused to rest of Europe & other countries (colonialism & media) U.S. – Harvard wanted rugby rules – eventually became football

7. Key Issue #1: Where Do Folk & Popular Culture Originate & Diffuse? Sports: Hierarchical Diffusion of Popular Culture o Sports in Popular Culture Cricket in Britain & former colonies (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Australia, South Africa, etc) Hockey in colder climates (Canada, US, Russia, Northern Europe) Martial Arts (wushu) in China & East Asia Baseball in U.S., Japan, Caribbean countries, northern S. America Basketball worldwide Lacrosse in Iroquois Confederation (NE U.S. & SE Canada) People pay to see sports in person or on TV World Cup Soccer – final match viewed by more people than any other event in history Assimilation vs. Acculturation – Acculturation – adoption of cultural traits by another group – Assimilation – full adoption of cultural traits by a member of a minority; process of integrating into a different culture