1. Tunable Optofluidic Aperture Master thesis presentation CONFIDENTIAL Zürich, February 4 th 2011 Joep Mutsaerts

2. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Content Tunable aperture -Concept -Trapped liquid -Conclusion Membrane model identification -Experiments -Analysis -Simulations 1

3. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion What is a tunable aperture? Most common: Leaflet structure Control of: -Light -Depth of Field -Optical quality -F number 2

4. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion What is a tunable aperture? 3 f/32 – slow shutterf/5.6 – fast shutter

5. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion Why create a tunable aperture? Optical quality in mobile phone market Small size Low part count Available design 4

6. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion Aperture design 5

7. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion Aperture design 6

8. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion Aperture design 7

9. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion Aperture design 8

10. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion ML Demonstrator 1 Trapped fluid problem -Spot depends on speed Identified possible causes -Particle size -Concentration 9

11. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion “trapped fluid” analysis 10 Possible solutionArgument proContra Low concentrationLess aggregation Small particle sizeLess aggregation

12. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion ML Demonstrator 2 Goal: test lower concentration, filtered particles (< 1 μm) Aperture seems clear, but: -Lens effect caused by remaining fluid -Optical quality depends on speed -Lens effect on aperture edge Identified possible solution -Surface tension -Coated glass 11

13. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion Lens effect 12

14. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion “trapped fluid” analysis 13 Possible solutionArgument proContra Low concentrationLess aggregationLens effect in soft edge Small particle sizeLess aggregationLens effect in soft edge High surface tensionLess wetting Glass coatingLess wetting

15. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion ML Demonstrator 3 Goal: Test influence of -Surface tension of water -Glass silicon coating Trapped fluid problem -High surface tension is not enough -Speed dependent Identified possible solution -Increase contact angle 14 FluidSurface Tension Mercury470 Water73 ….<< 60

16. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion “trapped fluid” analysis 15 Possible solutionArgument proContra Low concentrationLess aggregationLens effect in soft edge Small particle sizeLess aggregationLens effect in soft edge High surface tensionLess wettingDoes not solve problem Glass coatingLess wettingDoes not solve problem Contact angleLess wetting

17. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion ML Demonstrator 4 Goal: test influence of contact angle Trapped fluid problem -Soft edge with lens effect 16

18. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion “trapped fluid” analysis Possible solutionArgument proContra Low concentrationLess aggregationLens effect in soft edge Small particle sizeLess aggregationLens effect in soft edge High surface tensionLess wettingDoes not solve problem Glass coatingLess wettingDoes not solve problem Contact angleLess wettingDoes not solve problem Positive pressureForce pushes liquid away 17 Possible solutionArgument proContra Low concentrationLess aggregationLens effect in soft edge Small particle sizeLess aggregationLens effect in soft edge High surface tensionLess wettingDoes not solve problem Glass coatingLess wettingDoes not solve problem Contact angleLess wettingDoes not solve problem Positive pressureForce pushes liquid away

19. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion Positive Pressure Test Air pressurized bulge pushes fluid away. Particles < 5µm: Clear aperture result but soft edge Particles > 5µm: trapped fluid problem 18

20. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion “trapped fluid” analysis Possible solutionArgument proContra Low concentrationLess aggregationLens effect in soft edge Small particle sizeLess aggregationLens effect in soft edge High surface tensionLess wettingDoes not solve problem Glass coatingLess wettingDoes not solve problem Contact angleLess wettingDoes not solve problem Positive pressureForce pushes liquid awayPotential Solution 19

21. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion Double liquid positive pressure prototype Optotune lens design with two liquid compartments 20

22. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion Double liquid positive pressure prototype Prototype results: trapped fluid appears again (speed dependent) Over time, pigments migrate through membrane into transparent fluid Particles were not filtered small enough 21

23. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion Feasibility of concept Use transparent fluid Is concept pigment dependent? 22

24. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Aperture Concept Trapped liquid Conclusion Aperture: Conclusions and Outlook 23 Trapped fluid problem has not been solved Surface profile of transparent lens should be measured Particle size and concentration play a large role Lens effect can be solved by double fluid Bigger and more complicated to produce Pigments leak through the membrane Feasibility study advises to put the project on hold Uncertainty of product quality and costs Not the lowest hanging fruit

25. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Content Tunable aperture -Concept -Trapped liquid -Conclusion Membrane model identification -Experiments -Analysis -Simulations 24

26. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Membrane model Experiments Model Simulation Membrane model identification 25 Input: Membrane Material SE0904 t Thickness ԑ 0 Prestrain r Aperture radius p Pressure Process: Model Bulge test results Linear model Mooney Rivlin model Output: Deflection Center Ring Visualisation tool

27. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Membrane model Experiments Model Simulation Membrane model identification 26 Actuation force Focal length Deflection Pressure

28. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Membrane model Experiments Model Simulation Design of experiment 27

29. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Membrane model Experiments Model Simulation Deflection versus pressure - radius 28 d = 10 mm 11 12 13 14 15 d

30. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Membrane model Experiments Model Simulation Deflection versus pressure - radius 29 d

31. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Membrane model Experiments Model Simulation Deflection versus pressure - Prestrain 30 0% 20% 70% 40% 60%

32. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Membrane model Experiments Model Simulation Deflection versus pressure - Thickness 31 200 μm100 μm

33. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Membrane model Experiments Model Simulation Measurements statistics 148 bulge measurements done Thickness10 – 200 μm Radius 5 – 40 mm Pressure0 – 30000 Pa 32

34. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Membrane model Experiments Model Simulation Modelling 33 Isotropic – constant YoungsNon Isotropic – variable Youngs Further challenges Bulge loading Material model might change

35. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Membrane model Experiments Model Simulation Bulge loading 34 Thickness not constant Thickness proportional to stretch Where to measure thickness / stretch?

36. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Membrane model Experiments Model Simulation Stress calculation 35 ‘Math slide’

37. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Membrane model Experiments Model Simulation Stress Strain calculated 36

38. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Membrane model Experiments Model Simulation Stress strain fit 37 C10 = 210400 Pa C01 = 16005 Pa

39. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Membrane model Experiments Model Simulation Deflection versus Pressure - Simulation 38 Error modelRMS Mooney Rivlin0.0549 Linear model0.1146

40. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Membrane model Experiments Model Simulation Membrane model identification 39 Input: Membrane Material SE0904 t Thickness ԑ 0 Prestrain r Aperture radius p Pressure Process: Model Bulge test results Linear model Mooney Rivlin model Output: Deflection Center Ring Visualisation tool

41. This information is confidential to Optotune and is not to be copied or forwarded to any 3rd party without our prior written consent. Membrane model Experiments Model Simulation Shape Predictor 40

42. Tunable Optofluidic Aperture Master thesis presentation CONFIDENTIAL Zürich, February 4 th 2011 Joep Mutsaerts