1. Chapter 29 Collapse of the Old Order 1929-1949

3. The Stalin Revolution: Five Year Plans humble origins visionary skillful administrator rose within the Communist Party eliminated Leon Trotsky and all rivals Ruthlessly Industrialized the Soviet Union

4. The Stalin Revolution: Five Year Plans Oct 1928, Stalin devised a series of Five-Year Plans Centralized state control over the economy Industrialization achieved extremely rapidly No concern for the environment

5. Collectivism of Agriculture Peasants were squeezed to pay for the massive investments required by the Five- Year Plans Provide labor & food for new industrial workers Small farms were consolidated into large collectives Supplied the government with a fixed amount of food & distributed what was left among their members

6. Collectivism of Agriculture Collectivism attempted to organize the peasants into an industrial way of life and to bring them firmly under the control of the government violently suppressed the better-off peasants (the kulaks) disrupted agricultural production caused a famine that killed 5 million after the bad harvests of 1933-34

7. Collectivism of Agriculture The Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937) was originally intended to increase the output of consumer goods Fear of the Nazi regime caused Stalin to shift the emphasis to heavy industries and armaments Consumer goods became scarce and food was rationed

8. Terror and Opportunities industrialization and collectivization could only be carried out by threats and by force NKVD (secret police) created a climate of terror SU was able to industrialize faster than any other country Stalinism created new opportunities – for women to join the work force – for obedient unquestioning people to rise within the ranks of the Communist Part, the military, the government, or their professions One of the goals of collectivization was to introduce modern farm machinery. This poster shows delighted farmers operating new tractors and threshers.

9. In the late 1930’s, the contrast between the economic strength of the Soviet Union and the Depression troubles of the capitalist nations gave many the impression that Stalin’s planned economy was a success

10. The Depression: Economic Crisis consumers cut purchases companies laid off workers small farms failed N.Y. banks recalled loans to Germany & Austria – couldn’t pay reparations to France & Britain – France & Britain couldn’t repay their war loans to US US passed Smoot-Hawley tariff act – Other countries followed suit world trade declined by 62% between 1929 & 1932

11. Depression in Industrial Nations France & Britain escaped worst-forced colonies to purchase their products Japan & Germany suffered more-relied on exports to pay for imports of food & fuel In US, Britain, France, governments tried to stimulate economies w/ Programs like New Deal Germany & Japan devoted their economies to military build-up hoped to acquire empires large enough to support self- sufficient economies

12. Depression in Non- industrialized Regions Spread to Asia, Africa, Latin America unevenly India and China not dependent on foreign trade- thus little affected. Countries that depended on exports of raw materials or tourism devastated Latin America- led to military dictatorships-tried to solve economic problems by imposing authoritarian control over their economies Southern Africa boomed during 1930’s increasing value of gold & relatively cheaper copper deposits of Northern Rhodesia & Belgian Congo led to mining boom that benefited European & South African mine owners

13. The Rise of Fascism: Mussolini’s Italy In postwar Italy, thousands of unemployed veterans & violent youths banded together to demand action, intimidate politicians, & serve as strong-arm men for factory & property owners. Benito Mussolini, former socialist, became leader of Fascist Party-forced government to appoint him prime minister

14. The Rise of Fascism: Mussolini’s Italy Mussolini installed Fascists to all government jobs- crushed all opposition – excelled at propaganda and glorified war – foreign policy cautious Italian Fascist movement imitated in most of Europe, Latin America, China, & Japan

15. Hitler’s Germany Germany was hard-hit by: – its defeat in WWI – hyperinflation in 1923 – Depression blamed socialists, Jews, foreigners became leader of National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazis) led unsuccessful uprising in Munich in 1924 In 1925, published Mein Kampf – his racial theories – his aspirations for Germany – proposal to eliminate all Jews from Europe

16. Hitler’s Germany Nazis gained support from unemployed & from property owners Hitler assumed the post of chancellor in March 1933 and assumed dictatorial power declared himself Fuhrer of the “Third Reich” in August 1934 Hitler’s economic & social policies were effective led to economic boom, low unemployment, & rising standards of living – Public Works Contracts – Military Build-up – Women encouraged to give up jobs to men

17. The Road to War, 1933-1939 Hitler’s goal = territorial conquest Built up military Tested the reactions of other powers by: – withdrew from League of Nations – introduced conscription – established air force – Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935 – Hitler sent ground troops into Rhineland in 1936

18. The Road to War, 1933-1939 No serious objections from France, Britain, or US Hitler invaded Austria in 1938-demanded German-speaking regions of Czechoslovakia

19. Why was the response to Hitler so weak? Appeasement – Fear of war – Feared communism more than Germany – Believed Hitler could be trusted Munich Agreement: Neville Chamberlain, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Edouard Daladier, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Galeazzo Ciano

20. After Munich? Hitler could not be stopped short of war March,1939, invaded Czechoslovakia Inspired France & Britain to ask for Soviet help Hitler/ Stalin already negotiating Nazi-Soviet Pact Divide Poland between them

21. Nazi-Soviet Pact

22. East-Asia, 1931-1945: The Manchurian Incident of 1931 Ultranationalists, believed Japan could end its dependence on foreign trade if it had a colonial empire in China Junior officers blew up railway in Manchuria Excuse for invasion Built heavy industries & railways -sped up rearmament At home, government became more authoritarian & militaristic

23. Chinese Communists and the Long March Challenge to Chiang-Kai shek came Communist Party Chiang arrested & executed Communists, forced survivors to flee to remote mountains Guerilla warfare & policies won support of peasants Forced them to Shaanxi in 1935 http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/images/longmarc.gif

24. Mao Zedong 1893-1976 Farmer’s son Deviated from traditional Marxist-Leninists Redistribute land from wealthy to poor peasants to gain peasant rather than industrial worker support for social revolution Advocate of women’s equality Party reserved leadership positions for men (for warfare)

25. Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945 July 7, 1937, Japanese troops attacked Chinese forces near Beijing Launched full invasion of China U.S & League of Nations made no efforts to stop Japanese invasion Chinese troops poorly led & trained Unable to prevent Japan from controlling coastal provinces

26. The Second World War: War of Movement motorized weapons gave back advantage to offensive – Germany’s blitzkrieg (lightning war) American & Japanese aircraft carriers fighting ranged over vast theaters of operation populations & economies of entire continents mobilized civilians legitimate targets

27. War in Europe & North Africa took less than month for Germany to conquer Poland After lull during winter of 1939–1940, Hitler went on offensive- made him master of Europe between Spain & Russia by end of June attempt to invade Britain foiled by British Royal Air Force’s victory in the Battle of Britain (June–September 1940) In 1941, Hitler launched massive invasion of Soviet Union; his forces, successful at first but stopped by winter weather of 1941–1942 - finally defeated at Stalingrad in February 1943, failing in his last chance of winning the war

28. Al Alamein In Africa, the Italian offensive in British Somaliland & Egypt, although initially successful, was turned back by British counterattack German forces came to assist Italians, but defeated at Al Alamein in northern Egypt by British, who had more weapons, supplies & better intelligence

29. War in Asia and the Pacific In July 1941, Japan occupied Indochina; US & Britain stopped shipments of steel, scrap iron, oil, & other products that Japan needed Japanese chose war, hoped surprise attack on US would be so shocking that Americans would accept Japanese control over Southeast Asia Japan attacked American forces at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941,occupied all of Southeast Asia & Dutch East Indies within few months By June 1942, US destroyed four of Japan’s six largest aircraft carriers; aircraft carriers were key to victory in Pacific Japan did not have industrial capacity to replace them, Japan faced with long & hopeless war

30. The End of the War By 1943, Soviet Red Army received supplies from factories in Russia & US. Soviet offensive in east, combined w/ Western invasions of Sicily & Italy in 1943 & France in 1944, defeated Germany in May 1945 By May 1945, American bombing & submarine warfare devastated Japanese economy & cut Japan off from sources of raw materials Asians who had initially welcomed Japanese as liberators from white colonialism now eager to see the Japanese leave Atomic bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki in August 1945 convinced Japan to sign terms of surrender early the next month Though some wondered if atomic bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki necessary, U.S. government officials argued it ended war a year earlier & saved hundreds of thousands of American soldiers’ lives

31. Chinese Civil War and Communist Victory After Japanese surrender, Guomindang & Communist forces began civil war that lasted until 1949 Guomindang had advantage- more troops & weapons & American support, but its brutal & exploitative policies & printing worthless paper money eroded popular support Communists built up forces w/ Japanese equipment gained from Soviets & American equipment gained from deserting Guomindang soldiers Won popular support, esp. Manchuria, by carrying out radical land reform program On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong announced founding of People’s Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek’s Guomindang forces driven off mainland to Taiwan

32. Character of Warfare: Science & Technology World War II was different from previous wars-enormous death toll & numbers of refugees unprecedented scale of human suffering due to change in moral values & to appearance of new technologies Science had significant impact on technology of warfare, which can be seen in the application of scientific discoveries to produce synthetic rubber and radar, developments in cryptanalysis and antibiotics, the development of aircraft and missiles, & U.S. government’s organization of physicists & engineers to produce atomic weapons

33. Bombing Raids British & Americans excelled at bombing raids-intended to break morale of civilians Massive bombing raids on German cities caused substantial casualties German armament production continued to increase until late 1944, -German people remained obedient & hard-working Japanese cities, w/ their wooden buildings, were also targets of American bombing raids Fire bombs devastated Japanese cities; fire bombing of Tokyo in March 1945 killed 80,000 people & left a million homeless

34. The Holocaust Nazi killings of civilians were part of a calculated policy of exterminating whole races of people German Jews deprived of citizenship & legal rights- herded into ghettoes, many died of starvation and disease In early 1942, Nazis decided to apply modern industrial methods to slaughter Jewish population of Europe in concentration camps like Auschwitz Mass extermination, the Holocaust, claimed some 6 million Jewish lives Besides Jews, Nazis also killed Polish Catholics, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Gypsies, & disabled, all in the interests of “racial purity.”

35. The Home Front in Europe and Asia Distinction between the front & home front blurred as rapid military movements & air power carried war into people’s homes Armies swept through the land, confiscating anything of value; bombing raids destroyed entire cities; people were deported to die in concentration camps; & millions fled their homes in terror War demanded enormous & sustained efforts from all civilians; in Soviet Union & in US, industrial workers pressed to turn out tanks, ships, & other war materiel In Soviet Union & in other belligerent countries, mobilization of men for military gave women significant roles in industrial & agricultural production

36. The Home Front in United States US flourished during war-economy stimulated by war production Consumer goods in short supply- American savings rate increased- led to postwar consumer boom War weakened traditional ideas by bringing women, African Americans, & Mexican Americans into jobs once reserved for white men Migrations of African Americans north & west & of Mexican immigrants to southwest resulted in overcrowding & discrimination in industrial cities Japanese Americans rounded up & herded into internment camps because of their race