1. CIS67 Foundations for Creating Web Pages Professor Al Fichera Rev. August 25, 2010—All HTML code brought to XHTML standards.

2. Must Use a DOCTYPE All documents must have a DOCTYPE. Note: This has been covered in the Using DOCTYPE lecture. August 26, 2010 2 Professor Al Fichera – CIS67 http://profal2.com

3. All Markup In Lower-Case Only August 26, 2010 Professor Al Fichera – CIS67 http://profal2.com 3 All markup tags needs to be in lowercase For example the tags need to be ; Cannot use only Every markup tag needs to have some kind of corresponding ending tag as shown above.

4. All Markup Tags Must Close August 26, 2010 Professor Al Fichera – CIS67 http://profal2.com 4 Tags that never had ending tags before such as: Horizontal Rule; Break; <img... Image; <meta... Meta tags, Now must have a trailing space and then the closing slash: ; ; ; ; ; and The... ellipsis means there is additional content before the closing part of the tag.

5. Form Element Tags Must Close August 26, 2010 Professor Al Fichera – CIS67 http://profal2.com 5 Form element tags need to be properly closed now, such as: The needs the The needs ; So in other words, any markup tag you open, you must close.

6. All Attribute Values in Double Quotes August 26, 2010 Professor Al Fichera – CIS67 http://profal2.com 6 Every attribute value must be in double quotes " ": For the height="100" width="65" alt="description here". In other words anything that follows an equals sign = must have its value enclosed with double quotes " ".

7. Use Proper Nesting of Markup Tags August 26, 2010 Professor Al Fichera – CIS67 http://profal2.com 7 Proper nesting of tags, do not mix the sequence at all: Notice STOP is NOT acceptable at all, must be in mirror order Use STOP

8. Use Mirrored Order to Close Tags August 26, 2010 Professor Al Fichera – CIS67 http://profal2.com 8 If you need more help on this, think of each markup tag as a number, STOP, you see in a mirrored order.

9. Ampersands Must Be Coded August 26, 2010 Professor Al Fichera – CIS67 http://profal2.com 9 No ampersands (&) allowed within an attribute value, you must use it's character reference: If you intend to use the ampersand you must type & that will show on the page as an ampersand & The reason for this is ampersands are used sometimes in markup language. This also goes for Quotes as well. To see this (") type this "

10. No Empty Markup Tags Allowed August 26, 2010 Professor Al Fichera – CIS67 http://profal2.com 10 Markup tags that would work before but don't any more: The tag to create a next paragraph break now needs to contain something, even if it is only a non-breaking space character and a closing tag. will provide that next paragraph empty space in your XHTML document, create more and your space will grow deeper. Note: equals a non-breaking space character that actually glues Web page elements together. In other words if the two elements can’t fit at the end of a line, it will move both to the beginning of a new line.

11. Name Tag Has Been Changed August 26, 2010 Professor Al Fichera – CIS67 http://profal2.com 11 The Name attribute usually attributed to the image tag has changed to become an ID tag. This is now important to you, why? Because you are using XHTML 1.0 and an appropriate doctype at the top of the document.

12. The ID Attribute Has Been Added August 26, 2010 Professor Al Fichera – CIS67 http://profal2.com 12 The ID attribute needs to be added if you are using the name attribute. To be backwards compatible with older browsers use both:

13. No Shortcuts for Attributes August 26, 2010 Professor Al Fichera – CIS67 http://profal2.com 13 Attributes cannot be shortened, e.g., in a form element: the checked is wrong, it must be written as checked="checked".

14. Lecture Wrap Up August 26, 2010 Professor Al Fichera – CIS67 http://profal2.com 14 So that about wraps it up on what some of the basics of XHTML are. Everything that has been changed as seen in this lecture was not needed back in the old HTML 3.0 or 4.0 days. Research the Web for more on Markup Language to add to your knowledge base.