1. Transforming the Roman World
9-1
Transforming the Roman World

2. 1. What replaced the Western Roman empire by 500
A number of states fuled by German Kings

3. 2. Who were the Anglo-Saxons?
The Angles and the Saxons were Germanic tribes from Denmark and Northern Germany who settled in Britain in the 5th Century

4. 3. Which of the German states on the European continent proved long lasting?
The Kingdom of the Franks

5. 4. What political advantage did Clovis gain when he converted to Christianity?
His conversion gave him the support of the Catholic Church

6. 5. Describe the crucial social bond among the Germanic peoples
Extended families held towns together

7. 6. What was wergild?
The amount paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person who was wronged

8. 7. Explain the importance of a man known as the pope
Bishop of Rome and the leader of the Catholic Church

9. 8. In what endeavor was Pope Gregory I especially active?
Converting Germanic people to Christianity

10. 9. What good works did the Christian monks in the new European civilization perform?
Provided schools, hospitals, and hospitality for travelers

11. 10. What did the coronation of Charlemagne symbolize?
The coming together of the Roman, Christian , and Germanic worlds to make European civilization

12. 11. Why do we have manuscripts of Ancient Roman literary works today?
They were copied by Carolingian monks

13. Wergild
The amount of money paid to a family to make up for a wrongdoing

14. Ordeal
A physical trial to determine guilt or innocence

15. Bishopric
A diocese or group of churches together

16. Pope
The bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church

17. Monk
A man who dedicates his life to God

18. Monasticism
The practice of being a monk

19. Missionary
Someone who goes out to spread a religious message

20. Nun
A woman who dedicates her life to God

21. Abbess
Head nun at a convent

22. Visigoth
Germanic tribe that conquered Spain

23. Ostrogoth
Germanic tribe that conquered Italy in the 5th century

24. Anglo-Saxon
Germanic tribe that settled in Great Britain

25. Clovis
Converted to Christianity and started the first Frankish Kingdom

26. Gregory I
Strengthened the papacy in the 6th century

27. Saint Benedict
Started the first monastery in the 6th century

28. Mayor of the Palace
Chief officer in the King’s household

29. Pepin
Unified the Frankish Kingdom

30. Charlemagne
Ruled a vast Frankish kingdom called the Carolingian Empire, crowned by the Pope as the Holy Roman Emperor

31. Scriptoria
Writing rooms in monasteries where monks copied books

32. The Byzantine Empire and the Crusades
9-4
The Byzantine Empire and the Crusades

33. I. Justinian became Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire in 527
A. Justinian’s most important contribution was his codification of Roman Law
B. This simplified code was “The body of civil law,” the basis of Imperial law

34. II. The most serious challenge to the Eastern Roman Empire was the rise of Islam
A. Islamic forces defeated an army of the Eastern Empire at Yarmuk in 636
B. By the beginning of the eighth century, the Eastern Empire was much smaller

35. 1. Historians call this smaller empire the Byzantine Empire
2. The Christian church of this Empire was known as the Eastern Orthodox Church
3. Because the emperor appointed the head of the Orthodox church, known as the patriarch, he exercised control over church and state

36. III. The Empire recovered and expanded under emperors known as the Macedonians
A. The Byzantine Empire was troubled by a growing split in its church
B. In 1054, Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael Celularius of the Byzantine Church formally excommunicated each other

37. C. this began the schism, or separation, between the two branches of Christianity that has not been healed to this day
* The main cause of this schism was the Patriarch’s refusal to accept the Pope in Rome as his authority

38. IV. From the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries, European Christians conducted military expeditions known as the crusades
A. Warriors of Western Europe formed the first crusading armies

39. B. In 1187, Jerusalem fell to Muslim forces under Saladin
C. Richard the Lionhearted negotiated a settlement whereby Christian pilgrims had free access to Jerusalem
D. The first widespread attacks on Jews bean in the context of the crusades

40. Patriarch
Head of the Eastern Orthodox Church

41. Schism
Separation between two branches of Christianity

42. Crusades
Expeditions to regain the holy lands from the Muslims

43. Infidel
A non-believer, Muslim

44. Justinian
Emperor of the Byzantine Empire

45. Body of Civil Law
Justinian’s laws for the Byzantine Empire (simplified from Roman Law)

46. Byzantine Empire
The Eastern half of the former Roman Empire

47. Macedonians
Byzantine Emperors from

48. Seljuk Turks
Defeated the Byzantine Empire in East Asia

49. Saint Bernard of Clairvaux
Called for the 2nd Crusade

50. Saladin
Great Muslim military leader who took Jerusalem from the Christians

51. Innocent III
Called for the 4th Crusade