2. THE REFORMATION

3. ITS CAUSES AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

4. CHRISTIANITY Eastern Orthodoxy Roman Catholicism Protestantism 1054 1517

5. The Reformation: The 16th century religious movement marked by the rejection or modification of some Roman Catholic doctrines and practices and the establishment of the Protestant churches

6. Counter Reformation: The 16 th century reform movement in the Roman Catholic Church that followed and responded to the challenges of the Protestant Reformation

7. The Reformation: THE CAUSES

8. POLITICAL CAUSES

9. Rise of the Nation- states brought National Monarchs into conflict with the old principle of religious supremacy

10. Many Monarchs now viewed the Pope as a foreign ruler and a rival for their power

11. The Papacy stood in the way of centralization and consolidation

12. ECONOMIC CAUSES

13. Monarchs were jealous of the great wealth and lands of the Church

14. Secular rulers wanted to keep wealth in their local areas

15. Religious rules and restrictions inhibited economic growth

16. The growing Middle Class sought approval for its accumulation of wealth

17. SOCIAL CAUSES

18. The Middle Class wanted its new status based on wealth recognized

19. The Middle Class wanted to be reassured of its place in heaven

20. The peasants wanted greater social significance

21. INTELLECTUAL CAUSES

22. The Renaissance brought the values of Humanism, Individualism, Secularism, and Rationalism

23. Individualism and Humanism: People wanted a more personal relationship with God

24. Rationalism and Humanism encouraged a questioning attitude and challenge to authority

25. Secularism increased Nationalistic attitudes

26. RELIGIOUS CAUSES

27. Church prestige declined in the pre- Renaissance period

28. The Papacy had grown worldly and corrupt

29. Nepotism, Simony, Pluralism, Absenteeism, Ignorance, and Immorality brought criticism

30. The sale of Indulgences was highly criticized

31. Past attempts at reform within the Church had largely failed

32. TECHNOLOGICAL CAUSE

33. New ideas spread rapidly with the printing press

34. RESULTS, EFFECTS, CONSEQUENCES and/or IMPACT

35. The Loss of Religious Unity in Europe

36. Nation-states aligned: Catholic vs. Protestant

37. VIOLENCE OVER RELIGION RAGED, 1524-1648

38. Religion ceased to be a major cause for warfare in Europe after 1650

39. Secularism increased in all areas of life

40. The Power of National Monarchs (Secular Rulers) increased

41. Influence of the Church and religion in people’s lives began to decrease

42. Nationalism became more important to the common people

43. Nations re-aligned along the lines of National Interest

44. National interest became the new motivation for warfare

45. Politiques or “political monarchs” valued national unity and power over religious uniformity

46. Many rulers became religiously tolerant to keep religious peace

47. The Reformation increased the influence of Individualism

48. Protestantism Encouraged the Rise of Democracy

49. The Reformation increased Education and Literacy

50. The scientific method was born and grew in influence

51. Materialism increased: The Reformation helped cause the growth of capitalism

52. The Middle Class continued to grow in numbers and influence

53. Europe moved toward Religious Toleration SLOWLY!

54. THE END