1. San Diego Ocean Acidification Meeting Wrap-Up and New Considerations Chris Langdon UM/RSMAS

2. Scoping Workshop on Ocean Acidification Research 9-11 October 2007 Scripps Institution of Oceanography

3. Scoping Workshop on Ocean Acidification Research Steering Committee: Barney BalchDavid Hutchins Andrew DicksonJoan Kleypas Victoria Fabry Chris Langdon Richard FeelyChris Sabine Burke Hales

4. Workshop Goals  Develop coordinated research implementation strategies to address present and future ocean acidification impacts  Identify specific activities and timelines needed to advance research priorities

5. Workshop Approach  Previous meetings emphasized knowledge gaps at ecosystem level  Hence, workshop focused on developing comprehensive research strategies for four critical ecosystems: Warm-water coral reefs Estuarine/coastal regions Subtropical/tropical pelagic regions High latitudes  Highly diverse assemblage of 92 scientists (chemists, ecologists, physiologists, molecular biologists, fisheries experts, modelers)

6. Workshop Outcomes  Each of the four ecosystem focus groups devised research implementation strategies involving a mix of field observations and manipulative experiments to investigate potential impacts of ocean acidification on key ecosystem processes and organisms  Timelines of research activities for next 10 years were formulated by each ecosystem group  Specific research implementation strategies will be vetted by community and final report will be posted on OCB website

7. Photosynthesis versus irradiance curves: Different responses of Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus to elevated pCO 2 and temperature (Fu et al. 2007, J. Phycol. 43) Synechococcus Prochlorococcus

8. CO 2 limitation of Trichodesmium 1.N 2 fixation rates increase by 63% between 380 and 750 ppm pCO 2 2.CO 2 fixation rates increase by 54% between 380 and 750 ppm pCO 2 3.Specific growth rates increase by 37% between 380 and 750 ppm pCO 2 4.Trichodesmium was unable to grow at all at a pCO 2 of 150 ppm 5.N:P (and C:P) ratios increase by 35% between 380 ppm and 1250 ppm CO 2 Last glacial maximum pCO 2 (~190 ppm) Present day pCO 2 (380 ppm) Year 2100 pCO 2 (~750 ppm) (Hutchins et al. 2007, L&O 52(4): 1293- 1304)

9. Consensus Points  Urgent need for autonomous measurement of a second parameter of the seawater CO 2 system (DIC or TAlk)  Urgent need for standardized protocols and data reporting guidelines that will allow comparison of ocean acidification research results in space and time Calcification rate measurements Manipulation of seawater CO 2 chemistry for perturbation experiments Respiration rate measurements Dissolution rate measurements Quantification of distribution and abundances of planktonic calcifying organisms

10. Consensus Points  Need for interdisciplinary training of graduate students, post-docs, and PI’s Multi-disciplinary summer boot camp for experimentalists and modelers Involve national and international scientists  Establish a national program that would coordinate activities among different Federal agencies Supported need for a National Research Council Report on ocean acidification  Initiate international cooperation early to develop coordinated network of observations and process studies

11. Consensus Points  Public outreach and education activities needed Educate coral reef and fisheries managers and other stakeholders Contact policy makers Hold workshops to engage specific communities in developing ideas for coping/mitigation strategies Tap into existing programs to advance public education (e.g., teacher-at-sea program) Create readily accessible presentations & fact sheets for public & schools Website information for public (e.g., OCB website, ocean acidification network website)

12.  Dissolution at multiple levels (organism to reef) also in terms of possibility of local buffering in certain reef habitats – atoll-size scale  What are the effects on community structure and their repercussions through the ecosystem - who are winners and losers in terms of ocean acidification?  Retrospective analyses (paleostudies of the last few 1000 years) provide a baseline of reef accretion processes  Resolve issues with solubility of mineral phases, kinetic issues  Develop carbonate chemistry measurement protocols  Improve remote sensing capabilities with high-spatial/high spectral resolution  Explore molecular/genomic level of calcification (relative sensitivities of different species to saturation state – then identify the genetics of least and most sensitive) Coral Reef Program Preliminary Research Objectives  Improve our predictive capability of the geochemical response of reef systems to continued ocean acidification in combination with other variables  Understand temperature/saturation state/nutrient interactions – (average changes as well as in variability)

13. Activity – TECHNICAL NEEDS1-22-55-10Comments Develop sampling/measurement protocols calcification (I) XIdentify and articulate best practices for carbonate chemistry Resolve issues with solubility of mineral phases, kinetic issues (I) XX Development of autonomous DIC parameters monitoring system(s), TA instrumentation (U) X Laboratory facility for carbonate system measurements and verification (U) X Group 1 (reefs) – Ocean Acidification Scoping Workshop I = Important U=Urgent

14. Activity – BASELINES/MONITORING1-22-55-10Comments Baselines 1)Synthesis of existing field/lab data on community/reef calcification/dissolution (I) 2)Spatial/temporal variability of carbonate chemistry/calcification versus physico- chemical environment & community/ecosystem variables (I/U) 3)Retrospective analyses (paleostudies) or modern-day analogs (depending on process) such as E. Pacific and/or recent geologic record of reef growth/composition (I/u) XXX*** Needs to be done across the range of reef settings: e.g. High latitude versus low latitude; carbonate versus terrigenous settings *** Reefs record environmental information at many scales Calcification/dissolution across taxa (with different mineralogies) & life stages (I/U) xx Remote sensing – high-spatial/high-spectral resolution – algorithm development, habitat classification x*** New capabilities need specifications put forth with 5-year lead time

15. Activity - EXPERIMENTAL1-22-55-10Comments Experiments/Observations: 1)T-Ω-Nutrient interactions across taxa and life-stages (U) 2)Calcification mechanisms across taxa and life stages (U) x Calcification-Dissolution (organism – reef system) and environment buffering (I) x INTEGRATED SYSTEM APPROACHxxTo quantify effects FOCE “facilities” and mesocosm support (I) -Planning -Pilot -Network of FOCE facilities x X x -Community structure -N2-fixation -Response of non- calcifying species -Competition -Recruitment -Adaptation/Acclimation -Carbonate deposition -Focus on dissolution and potential for environment buffering

16. Activity – EXPERIMENTAL (cont’d)1-22-55-10Comments Modeling (integration of existing models); Using models to inform design of integrated approach; further development of ecosystem models (U) X Molecular/genomic level of response to OA (I)x X

17. New considerations How can we start monitoring calcification rates very precisely so we can see if they are changing? –Flow respirometry –Distribution of TA and water residence time Residence time based on hydrodynamic models of circulation Residence time based on geochemical tracer

18. Bight of Parguera, Puerto Rico

19. 2318 +/-3 2311+/-6 2317+/-2 2312+/-7 2291 2277 Mid shelf 2331 Shelf edge 2340 Distribution of TA in Bight of Parguera, PR

20. Sami pCO 2 and BIC sensors Discovery Bay Jamaica

21. Temporal variability of saturation state on a Caribbean reef  a computed from Sami pCO 2 and pH data Sarah Cullison

22. Calcification calculated by flow respirometry method