1. -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 0 1 2 0255075100125150175200225250 Temperature Anomaly (  C) 160 170 180 190 200 Annual Solar Radiation (W m -2 ) 0255075100125150175200225250 Thousands Of Years Before Present Figure 8.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

2. 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 CO 2 Concentration (ppm) 0255075100125150175200225250 CH 4 Concentration (ppb) 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 0255075100125150175200225250 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0255075100125150175200225250 Thousands Of Years Before Present Dust Flux (mg m -2 yr -1 ) Figure 8.2 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

3. Figure 8.3 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

4. Figure 8.4 1815129630 200 265 330 CO 2 (ppm) 100 50 0 Land Ice (%) Northern Hemisphere Solar Radiation (%) 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 Thousands Of Years Before Present Summer Radiation Winter Radiation Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

5. Figure 8.5 Temperature Anomaly (  C) Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

6. Figure 8.6 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

7. Figure 8.7 24.5  22.0  20 500 years Equator North Pole South Pole p=1.00 a=1.00 p=1.00 a=1.13 50 000 years e=(a-p)/(a+p)=0.00 e=(a-p)/(a+p)=0.06 Sun Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

8. Figure 8.8 Winter Solstice December 21-22 Autumnal Equinox September 22-23 Vernal Equinox March 21-22 Summer Solstice June 21-22 Winter Solstice December 21-22 Autumnal Equinox September 22-23 Vernal Equinox March 21-22 Summer Solstice June 21-22 Winter Solstice December 21-22 Autumnal Equinox September 22-23 Vernal Equinox March 21-22 Summer Solstice June 21-22 Winter Solstice December 21-22 Autumnal Equinox September 22-23 Vernal Equinox March 21-22 Summer Solstice June 21-22 5500 years 11 000 years 16 500 years 0 years 22 000 years Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

9. Figure 8.9 Thousands Of Years Before Present Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

10. Figure 8.10 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

11. Carbonate rock weathering (a) CO 2 + H 2 O + CaCO 3  Ca 2+ + 2HCO 3 - Silicate rock weathering (b) 2CO 2 + H 2 O + CaSiO 3  Ca 2+ + 2HCO 3 - + SiO 2 Ca 2+ and HCO 3 - transported by rivers to oceans Metamorphism at high temperature (d) CaCO 3 + SiO 2  CaSiO 3 + CO 2 Marine organisms build CaCO 3 shells which releases CO 2 CaCO 3 deposited on ocean floor and buried Volcanoes Soda springs Figure 8.11 (c) Ca 2+ + 2HCO 3 -  CaCO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

12. 280 300 320 340 360 380 CO 2 (ppm) 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 CH 4 (ppb) 270 280 290 300 310 320 18501860 18701880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000 2010 N 2 O (ppb) Figure 8.12 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

13. 1363.5 1364.0 1364.5 1365.0 1365.5 1366.0 1366.5 1367.0 1367.5 1368.0 1368.5 160016501700175018001850190019502000 Solar Irradiance (W m -2 ) Figure 8.13 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

14. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 160016501700175018001850190019502000 Dust Veil Index Pinatubo,1991 El Chichon,1982 Tambora, 1815 Krakatau, 1883 Figure 8.14 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

15. -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 18501860187018801890190019101920193019401950196019701980199020002010 Temperature Anomaly (  C) Figure 8.15 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

16. CH 4 Warming Figure 8.16 N2ON2O 012 -2 Stratospheric Tropospheric Direct effect Land use Solar Black carbon on snow Net anthropogenic Radiative Forcing (W m -2 ) Cooling Cloud albedo effect Long-lived greenhouse gases Ozone Stratospheric water vapor from CH 4 Surface albedo Total aerosol CO 2 Halocarbons Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

17. Figure 8.17 1900 1920 1940 19601980 2000 -0.3 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 Temperature Anomaly (  C) Observations Natural Natural + Anthropogenic Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

18. Figure 8.18 A2 A1B B1 Commitment 2000205021002150220022502300 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Temperature Change (  C) 300 400 500 600 700 800 CO 2 Concentration (ppm) 2000205021002150220022502300 A2 A1B B1 Commitment Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan