1. Fig. 15-0a

2. Fig. 15-0b

3. Fig. 15-0c

4. Fig. 15-1

5. Fig. 15-2

6. Fig. 15-3a

7. Fig. 15-3b-1 Monomers Formation of short RNA polymers: simple “genes” 1

8. Fig. 15-3b-2 Monomers Formation of short RNA polymers: simple “genes” 1 Assembly of a complementary RNA chain, the first step in replication of the original “gene” 2

9. Fig. 15-4 Phanerozoic eon Colonization of land Paleozoic Animals Meso- zoic Cenozoic Origin of solar system and Earth Humans Single-celled eukaryotes Atmospheric oxygen Multicellular eukaryotes Prokaryotes Proterozoic eon Archaean eon 1 2 3 4 Billions of years ago

10. Fig. 15-5 Time (thousands of years) 1 –– 16 11.4 17.1 22.8 1–81–8 1 –– 32 1–21–2 1–41–4 05.7 28.5 Fraction of Carbon-14 remaining

11. Fig. 15-6

12. Fig. 15-6a

13. Fig. 15-6b

14. Fig. 15-7a North American Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Philippine Plate Indian Plate Antarctic Plate Australian Plate Eurasian Plate African Plate South American Plate Nazca Plate Pacific Plate Arabian Plate Caribbean Plate Scotia Plate Cocos Plate

15. Fig. 15-7b Present Eurasia Millions of years ago 65.5 135 251 Mesozoic Cenozoic Paleozoic Madagascar India Australia Africa Antarctica South America North America Laurasia Gondwana Pangaea

16. Fig. 15-7c

17. Fig. 15-7d North America = Living lungfishes Australia Africa Asia Europe South America = Fossilized lungfishes

18. Fig. 15-8 San Andreas Fault North American Plate Santa Cruz San Francisco Pacific Plate Los Angeles California

19. Fig. 15-8a

20. Fig. 15-9 North America Chicxulub crater Yucatán Peninsula Yucatán Peninsula

21. Fig. 15-9a Yucatán Peninsula

22. Fig. 15-9b

23. Fig. 15-10 Ancestral mammal Reptilian Ancestor 250 Millions of years ago Eutherians (placental mammals; 5,010 species) Marsupials (324 species) Monotremes (5 species) 15020050 1000

24. Fig. 15-11a Gills

25. Fig. 15-11b Chimpanzee fetus Chimpanzee adult Human fetus Human adult

26. Fig. 15-11c Missing pelvic spine

27. Fig. 15-12 Light-sensitive cells Fluid-filled cavity Optic nerve Layer of light-sensitive cells (retina) Light-sensitive cells Eye cup Nerve fibers Nerve fibers Optic nerve Lens Transparent protective tissue (cornea) Simple pinhole camera-type eye Eye with primitive lens Optic nerve Complex camera-type eye Cornea Retina Eye cup Patch of light- sensitive cells Limpet AbaloneNautilus Marine snail Squid

28. Fig. 15-12a Light-sensitive cells Nerve fibers Patch of light- sensitive cells Limpet

29. Fig. 15-12b Light-sensitive cells Eye cup Nerve fibers Eye cup Abalone

30. Fig. 15-12c Fluid-filled cavity Optic nerve Layer of light-sensitive cells (retina) Simple pinhole camera-type eye Nautilus

31. Fig. 15-12d Layer of light-sensitive cells (retina) Optic nerve Lens Transparent protective tissue (cornea) Eye with primitive lens Marine snail

32. Fig. 15-12e Lens Optic nerve Complex camera-type eye Cornea Retina Squid

33. Fig. 15-13 RECENT Hippidion and other genera PLEISTOCENE MIOCENE PLIOCENE OLIGOCENE EOCENE Equus Nannippus Pliohippus Neohipparion Megahippus Callippus Hipparion Sinohippus Anchitherium Archaeohippus Hypohippus Merychippus Parahippus Miohippus Mesohippus Orohippus EpihippusPaleotherium Propalaeotherium Pachynolophus Hyracotherium Grazers Browsers

34. Fig. 15-14

35. Fig. 15-15a Species: Felis catus Genus: Felis Family: Felidae Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Phylum: Chordata Kingdom: Animalia Bacteria Domain: EukaryaArchaea

36. Fig. 15-15b Order Genus Family Felis Felidae Mephitis Mustelidae Lutra Carnivora Canidae Canis Species Felis catus (domestic cat) Mephitis mephitis (striped skunk) Lutra lutra (European otter) Canis latrans (coyote) Canis lupus (wolf)

37. Fig. 15-16a Iguana TAXA Long gestation Duck-billed platypus Kangaroo Beaver CHARACTERS Character Table 0 0 01 0 1 01 Gestation Hair, mammary glands 0 1 11 Long gestation Gestation Hair, mammary glands Iguana Duck-billed platypus Kangaroo Beaver Phylogenetic Tree

38. Fig. 15-16aa Iguana TAXA Long gestation Duck-billed platypus Kangaroo Beaver CHARACTERS Character Table 0 0 01 0 1 01 Gestation Hair, mammary glands 0 1 11

39. Fig. 15-16ab Long gestation Gestation Hair, mammary glands Iguana Duck-billed platypus Kangaroo Beaver Phylogenetic Tree

40. Fig. 15-16b Birds Ornithischian dinosaurs Pterosaurs Common ancestor of crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds Lizards and snakes Crocodilians Saurischian dinosaurs

41. Fig. 15-16c Eggs Front limb Hind limb

42. Fig. 15-17 Procyonidae Ursidae American black bear Spectacled bear Asian black bear Raccoon Lesser panda Brown bear Pleistocene Pliocene 35 Oligocene Millions of years ago Miocene Polar bear Giant panda Sloth bear Sun bear 3025201510

43. Fig. 15-18 Computer model of HIV 0.20 1900 Differences between HIV sequences 1920 0.15 1940 0.10 1960 0.05 1980 0 2000 Year

44. Fig. 15-19a Most recent common ancestor of all living things Gene transfer between mitochondrial ancestor and ancestor of eukaryotes Gene transfer between chloroplast ancestor and ancestor of green plants Billions of years ago Archaea Eukarya Bacteria 4 32 1 0 2 3 1 2 3 1

45. Fig. 15-19b Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

46. Fig. 15-UN1 2.1 bya: First eukaryotes (single-celled) 1.2 bya: First multicellular eukaryotes 3.5 bya: First prokaryotes (single-celled) 3.5 Billions of years ago (bya) 500 mya: Colonization of land by fungi, plants, and animals 1.5 32.5 4 2.5 1 0

47. Fig. 15-UN2

48. Fig. 15-UN3 (a) (b)(c) (d)

49. Fig. 15-UN4 evolutionary relationships Systematics traces generates hypotheses for constructing shown in (a) shared ancestral characters cladistics sequence of branch points (f) nucleotide sequences (b) (c)(d) (e) analysis identifies must distinguish from seen in using based on usingdetermine

50. Fig. 15-UN5 Outgroup