1. CYCLING OF MATTER

2. ENERGY FLOWS THROUGH ECOSYSTEM WATER—NITROGEN—CARBON—PHOSPHORUS ARE RECYCLED!!! THEY MOVE THRU A BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE: ABIOTIC (non-living) PORTION OF ENVIRONMENT (ATMOSPHERE)  Biotic  THEN BACK AGAIN

3. The Water Cycle

4. Water Cycle CELLS CONTAIN 70-90% H 2 0 VERY LITTLE OF EARTHS AVAILABLE H 2 0 IS IN LIVING THINGS RIVERS / LAKES / STREAMS / OCEANS CONTAIN A BIG % ATMOSPHERE CONTAIN WATER = WATER VAPOR GROUND WATER = IN SOIL OR UNDERGROUND IN POROUS ROCK WATER CYCLE = MOVEMENT OF H 2 0 B/T RESERVOIRS –EVAPORATION –TRANSPIRATION –PRECIPITATION

5. Evaporation Liquid  gas (water vapor) HEAT (sun) CAUSES WATER TO EVAPORATE 90% OF EVAPORATED WATER FROM TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM PASSES THROUGH PLANTS IN A PROCESS CALLED…

6. Transpiration PLANTS TAKE IN H 2 0 THRU ROOTS RELEASE WATER & TAKE IN CO 2 (CARBON DIOXIDE)

7. Condensation Water vapor cools in the atmosphere and condenses (gas  liquid) around dust particles to form clouds. The water droplets stick to each other and become too heavy, so they must fall out of the sky and back to earth…

8. Precipitation WATER LEAVES ATMOSPHERE TEMP & AIR PRESSURE DETERMINE HOW MUCH WATER CAN BE HELD Then it will: –SNOW, RAIN, SLEET, HAIL OR FOG

9. Carbon Cycle PHOTOSYNTHESIS + CELLULAR RESPIRATION PHOTOSYNTHESIS = PLANTS & OTHER AUTOTROPHS USE: CO 2 + H 2 0 & SUNLIGHT = CARBOHYDRATES

10. HUMAN INFLUENCE ON THE CARBON CYCLE IN THE PAST 150 YEARS CO 2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE HAS RISEN 30%  ALMOST ½ IN THE LAST 40 YEARS HUMAN ACTIVITY IS THE CAUSE BURNING FOSSIL FUEL: –REMAINS OF ORGANISMS THAT HAVE BEEN TRANSFORMED BY DECAY, HEAT, & PRESSURE  ENERGY RICH ORGANIC MOLECULES

11. BURNING RELEASES ENERGY & CO 2 BURNING VEGETATION RELEASES CO 2 TROPICAL RAINFOREST DESTRUCTION WITH NO PLANTS CO 2 IS NOT ABSORBED

12. Nitrogen Cycle NITROGEN IS NEEDED TO MAKE PROTEINS & NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA OR RNA) N 2 (NITROGEN GAS) MAKES UP 78% OF THE ATMOSPHERE (unusable in this form) N 2 must be changed to AMMONIA to be used by living things.

13. NITROGEN FIXATION CONVERSION OF N 2 TO AMMONIA CERTAIN BACTERIA CAN CONVERT N 2  NH 3 NITROGEN- FIXING BACTERIA LIVE IN SOIL & IN SOME ROOTS

14. Recycling Nitrogen BODIES OF DEAD ORGANISMS CONTAIN “N” –URINE & DUNG ALSO DECOMPOSERS BREAK DOWN CORPSES & WASTE OF ORGANISMS GIVE OFF NITROGEN AS AMMONIA = AMMONIFICATION NITRIFICATION = BACTERIA IN SOIL TAKE IN AMMONIA & OXIDIZE IT INTO NITRITES, NO 2 & NITRATES, NO 3

15. PLANTS CAN ABSORB NITRATES & AMMONIA FROM SOIL  –ANIMALS CANNOT! ANIMALS OBTAIN IT BY EATING OTHER ORGANISMS & DIGESTING THE PROTEINS & NUCLEIC ACIDS DENITRIFICATIONDENITRIFICATION RETURNING NITROGEN TO ATMOSPHERE

16. PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

17. Short Term  Phosphorus is cycled from the soil to producers and then from the producers to consumers. Long Term  Weathering or erosion of rocks that contain phosphorus slowly adds phosphorus to the cycle.