2. VOTING RIGHTS

3. Initially White White Male Male At least 21 At least 21 50 acres or equivalent 50 acres or equivalent Voting rights have been expanded over time

4. RACE--15th AMENDMENT 1870 The right of citizens of the U.S. to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude,

5. RACE--15th AMENDMENT Supporters True believers True believers Radical Republicans Radical Republicans Pressure to ratify

6. EFFECT Didn’t guarantee right to vote Little impact until 1960s Literacy tests & grandfather clauses Literacy tests & grandfather clauses Poll taxes Poll taxes Apportionment ApportionmentGerrymanderingAlabama One house district 6X the size of another One house district 6X the size of another North Carolina--Ketchup spill But Not in Utah? 2000 2001

7. Actions since 1960 24th Amendment (1965) 24th Amendment (1965) poll tax Voting Rights Act of 1965 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Supreme Court decisions Supreme Court decisions One person--one vote No party or group bias

8. Actions since 1960 Effect of recent actions Effect of recent actionsRegistration 1960 1960 Blacks 23% Blacks 23% Whites 64% Whites 64% 1985 1985 Blacks 63% Blacks 63% Whites 72% Whites 72%

9. SEXStates New Jersey in 1800 New Jersey in 1800 Wyoming in 1869 Wyoming in 1869 Utah 1870---Col, and Wyo. Utah 1870---Col, and Wyo.

10. SEX Federal Government Early efforts Early efforts Every year from 1878 to 1920 concerns 19th Amendment (1920) 19th Amendment (1920) The right of citizens in the U.S. to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. or by any state on account of sex. Gender gap ?

11. AGE 26th Amendment (1971) The right of citizens of the U.S. who are eighteen years of age or older, shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. or by any State on account of age. The right of citizens of the U.S. who are eighteen years of age or older, shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. or by any State on account of age. Why finally passed in 1971?