1. © 2014 Sandy Week Digital Devices in the Classroom Sandy Week Awareness Test

2. © 2014 Sandy Week Multitasking – Task Switching “Surprisingly severe limitations” when dividing attention Pashler (1994) Non-course-related software applications open and active about 42% of the time Fried (2008) Multitaskers exhibited lower academic performance in the course Kraushaar & Novak (2010)

3. © 2014 Sandy Week Multitasking – Inefficient Multitasking negatively affects students in classroom and while studying Fried (2008) Takes students longer to complete educational activities Bowman, Levine, Waite, & Gendron (2010)

4. © 2014 Sandy Week Multitasking – Quality of Learning Attempting to learn while multitasking can result in knowledge attainment that is less flexible when applied to new situations Foerde, Knowlton, & Poldrack (2006) Less able to apply what was learned in a novel situation Bailey and Konstan (2006)

5. © 2014 Sandy Week Multitasking Facebook and texting during class were reported to be negatively predictive of overall semester GPA negatively predictive of GPA Junco (2012) Texting during class negatively affected the learning in a marketing course, but not overall GPA Clayson & Haley (2013)

6. © 2014 Sandy Week Clayson and Haley (2013) Texting during class has become so culturally ingrained that instructors… 1.accept texting in class as another manifestation of modern culture 2.incorporate texting into class 3.appropriately increase the cognitive load in the classroom

7. © 2014 Sandy Week #2 incorporate texting into class The Internet and Higher Education is devoted to “addressing innovative deployments of Internet technology in instruction” Dingus (2014) Articles touting benefits of cell phones as instructional aids Prensky (2005), Tessier (2013), Walker, Sampson, & Zimmerman (2011) Articles discuss vulnerabilities of their use Brock (2004), Froese, Carpenter, Inman, Schooley, Barnes, Brecht & Chacon (2012) 25% of 92 pre-service teachers surveyed supported the use of cell phones in the classroom Thomas & Obannon (2013)

8. Bronfenbrenner (1979) Ecological systems theory Bronfenbrenner (1979) Ecological systems theory

9. Ecological Systems Theory microsystem situates individuals who shape their social identities through personal beliefs and behaviors mesosystem incorporates organizational and institutional factors that peer, family, and school interrelationships comprise exosystem takes into account the influence of communities, which consist of social networks formed on the basis of location and organizational membership macrosystem describes the cultural values and norms by which community members live

10. Example Use of Bronfenbrennr’s ecological model

11. © 2014 Sandy Week Example Article Ehrenreich, H., Reeves, P. M., Corley, S., & Orpinas, P. (2012) With Graduation in Sight: Perceptions of High- and Low- Aggression Students of the Journey to High School Completion Used Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model & identified within each level of the ecological model (micro-, meso-, exo-, and macrosystems

12. © 2014 Sandy Week Adapted from Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological systems model.

13. © 2014 Sandy Week Conclusion New smart devices lie flat on the desk surface easily hidden

14. © 2014 Sandy Week Conclusion Moore’s Law & Google Glass