1. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-1

2. DRUG OFFENSES Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman20-1 PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

3. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-3 INTRODUCTION Drug crimes are generated from two general areas: drug users (both addicts and recreational users) and drug sellers (independent and organized factions).

4. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-4 Drug violation arrests accounted for 11 percent of all arrests in 2002. Source: National Drug Control Strategy (2004). The White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, Washington D.C., March.

5. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-5 Treating drugs like alcohol and cigarettes? Current users by substance (in thousands). Source: National Drug Control Strategy (2004). The White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, Washington D.C., March

6. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-6 PRINCIPLE DRUGS OF ABUSE For the criminal investigator to be prepared best for his or her duties in drug enforcement, a certain understanding of the specific drugs of abuse is necessary.

7. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-7 CHARACTERISTICS OF DRUGS All drugs, whether legal or not, fall into one of five categories: 1.Cannabis 1.Narcotics 1.Stimulants 1.Hallucinogens 1.Depressants

8. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-8 Dependence – the drug’s level of dependence will fuel a user’s desire to consume more of it Dependence – the drug’s level of dependence will fuel a user’s desire to consume more of it Dependence manifests itself in two distinct ways: Dependence manifests itself in two distinct ways: Physical Physical Psychological Psychological

9. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-9 Physiological dependence – physical addiction to a particular drug Physiological dependence – physical addiction to a particular drug Psychological dependence – precedes the physical dependence phase, refers to one’s “desire” to continue use of a drug Psychological dependence – precedes the physical dependence phase, refers to one’s “desire” to continue use of a drug

10. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-10 Withdrawal syndrome – a series of adverse physical symptoms that appear when a drug to which a user is physically addicted is stopped abruptly or severely reduced Withdrawal syndrome – a series of adverse physical symptoms that appear when a drug to which a user is physically addicted is stopped abruptly or severely reduced Drug synergism – a severe physical reaction that results when users ingest more than one type of drug at a time Drug synergism – a severe physical reaction that results when users ingest more than one type of drug at a time

11. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-11 CANNABIS Cannabis – a mild hallucinogen (Cannabis sativa) or marijuana is the most commonly abused product Cannabis – a mild hallucinogen (Cannabis sativa) or marijuana is the most commonly abused product Cannabis products include: Cannabis products include: Marijuana Marijuana Hashish Hashish Hashish oil Hashish oil

12. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-12 NARCOTICS Narcotics – opium and opium derivatives or their synthetic substitutes Narcotics – opium and opium derivatives or their synthetic substitutes Drugs in the narcotic category include: Drugs in the narcotic category include: Opium Opium Codeine Codeine Diacetylmorphine (heroin) Diacetylmorphine (heroin) Meperidine (Demerol) Meperidine (Demerol) Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)

13. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-13 Withdrawal syndrome is commonly associated with the narcotic class of drugs. Withdrawal syndrome is commonly associated with the narcotic class of drugs. As tolerance develops, users find they require greater and greater doses of the drug to feel its effects, which increases the user’s propensity for overdose As tolerance develops, users find they require greater and greater doses of the drug to feel its effects, which increases the user’s propensity for overdose

14. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-14 Narcotics can be divided into two categories: Narcotics can be divided into two categories: 1.Natural origin narcotics – organic narcotics are derived from the opium poppy. 2.Synthetic narcotics – synthetic narcotics produced entirely in the laboratory – diversion of the synthetic narcotics onto the street is a growing problem.

15. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-15 STIMULANTS Stimulants – literally stimulate the central nervous system and give the user a feeling of alertness Stimulants – literally stimulate the central nervous system and give the user a feeling of alertness The most dangerous stimulants possess a dependence forming quality The most dangerous stimulants possess a dependence forming quality

16. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-16 Cocaine – the most potent stimulant of natural origin Cocaine – the most potent stimulant of natural origin Crack – a solid form of cocaine Crack – a solid form of cocaine Freebase – heated in a pipe and the vapors are inhaled Freebase – heated in a pipe and the vapors are inhaled

17. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-17 Methamphetamine – also known as speed, ice, and crystal, is a potent central nervous system stimulant Methamphetamine – also known as speed, ice, and crystal, is a potent central nervous system stimulant Crystal meth – is smoked in a manner similar to crack cocaine Crystal meth – is smoked in a manner similar to crack cocaine Tweaking- abuser has not slept for three or more days, wants more meth but no dosage will recreate the euphoric high causing frustration and leading to unpredictability and a potential for violence Tweaking- abuser has not slept for three or more days, wants more meth but no dosage will recreate the euphoric high causing frustration and leading to unpredictability and a potential for violence

18. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-18 HALLUCINOGENS Hallucinogenic drugs – produced both organically and synthetically, create a sense of distorted perceptions in the user Hallucinogenic drugs – produced both organically and synthetically, create a sense of distorted perceptions in the user Flashbacks – a temporary reoccurrence of a psychedelic experience Flashbacks – a temporary reoccurrence of a psychedelic experience Most popular: LSD, PCP, psilocybin, and peyote Most popular: LSD, PCP, psilocybin, and peyote

19. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-19 DEPRESSANTS Depressants – potentially addictive in both psychological and physical sense; act on the central nervous system Depressants – potentially addictive in both psychological and physical sense; act on the central nervous system Prescribed to relieve anxiety, irritability, and tension and to induce sleep Prescribed to relieve anxiety, irritability, and tension and to induce sleep

20. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-20 Users use as a counter to “come down” from stimulants creating synergism Users use as a counter to “come down” from stimulants creating synergism Rohypnol – rufies – has never been approved for medical use in the United States; causes partial amnesia and is used as the date rape drug, which is very difficult to detect using standard screening available in the United States Rohypnol – rufies – has never been approved for medical use in the United States; causes partial amnesia and is used as the date rape drug, which is very difficult to detect using standard screening available in the United States

21. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-21 Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) – known as liquid X, Georgia home boy, goop, gamma-oh, grievous bodily harm, a central nervous system depressant abused for its ability to produce euphoric and hallucinatory states and its alleged ability to release a growth hormone to stimulate muscle growth Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) – known as liquid X, Georgia home boy, goop, gamma-oh, grievous bodily harm, a central nervous system depressant abused for its ability to produce euphoric and hallucinatory states and its alleged ability to release a growth hormone to stimulate muscle growth Like Rohypnol used to incapacitate women for the commission of sexual assault Like Rohypnol used to incapacitate women for the commission of sexual assault

22. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-22 DESIGNER DRUGS Designer drug – refers to a class of drugs that are specifically designed to emulate controlled substances Designer drug – refers to a class of drugs that are specifically designed to emulate controlled substances Illegal chemists create: Illegal chemists create: Ecstacy (MDMA) Ecstacy (MDMA) China white (fentanyl) China white (fentanyl)

23. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-23 THE GENERAL STRUCTURE OF DRUG LAWS Possession – (1) actual physical custody of the drugs, or (2) constructive possession – the knowledge of the presence of the substance and the power and intent to control use of the drug Possession – (1) actual physical custody of the drugs, or (2) constructive possession – the knowledge of the presence of the substance and the power and intent to control use of the drug Distribution – the exchange of illegal drugs between two or more persons – “Possession for Sales” Distribution – the exchange of illegal drugs between two or more persons – “Possession for Sales”

24. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-24 Manufacturing – criminal charges assessed for producing illicit drugs. Included are manufacturing or the growing of cannabis or conversion of one drug to another, such as cocaine to crack Manufacturing – criminal charges assessed for producing illicit drugs. Included are manufacturing or the growing of cannabis or conversion of one drug to another, such as cocaine to crack

25. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-25 THE 1970 CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT CSA, which was implemented in 1970, placed drugs into one of five schedules based on their medical use, potential for abuse, and safety or propensity for dependence, to deal with manufacturing, distribution, and possession of dangerous drugs CSA, which was implemented in 1970, placed drugs into one of five schedules based on their medical use, potential for abuse, and safety or propensity for dependence, to deal with manufacturing, distribution, and possession of dangerous drugs

26. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-26 INITIATING DRUG CASES Goals of the drug investigation: Identify and locate known or suspected drug sellers Identify and locate known or suspected drug sellers Understand the different types of drugs available on the street, their prices, and packaging methods Understand the different types of drugs available on the street, their prices, and packaging methods

27. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-27 Identify locations of frequent drug abuse activity Identify locations of frequent drug abuse activity Collect evidence on those involved in drug trafficking Collect evidence on those involved in drug trafficking Reduce the availability of drugs through the aggressive apprehension of drug users and sellers Reduce the availability of drugs through the aggressive apprehension of drug users and sellers

28. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-28 Information sources include: Other law enforcement agencies Other law enforcement agencies Other units within the police department Other units within the police department “Unofficial” information from other officers within the department “Unofficial” information from other officers within the department Other criminal justice agencies Other criminal justice agencies Information provided by good citizens Information provided by good citizens

29. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-29 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANTS May prove to be extremely valuable or extremely worthless. Once information is received, the investigator must make an effort, independent of the initial source, to verify it.

30. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-30 CASE PLANNING Extent of violation being committed by the target individual Extent of violation being committed by the target individual Investigative resources: Investigative resources: Personnel Personnel Money Money Equipment Equipment

31. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-31 INVESTIGATION OF AN ILLEGAL DRUG LABORATORY Investigating an illicit drug lab: Investigating an illicit drug lab: See if unusually large amounts of electricity are being used See if unusually large amounts of electricity are being used Verify who is receiving mail at the suspect residence Verify who is receiving mail at the suspect residence Conduct a criminal background investigation on each suspect Conduct a criminal background investigation on each suspect

32. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-32 Survey the suspect location for exhaust fans for ventilation Survey the suspect location for exhaust fans for ventilation Be aware of unusual odors in the area Be aware of unusual odors in the area Acquire a court order for the telephone tolls of the suspect’s phone to reveal associates Acquire a court order for the telephone tolls of the suspect’s phone to reveal associates

33. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-33  Determine the number of inhabitants of the lab. Learn the identity of the inhabitants. Learn the identity of the inhabitants. Learn if any weapons are present at the lab. Learn if any weapons are present at the lab. To prepare for possible search warrants, undercover surveillance, or raids:

34. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-34 Determine if any security measures have been taken by the suspects. Determine if any security measures have been taken by the suspects. Attempt to determine the stage of the cooking process. Attempt to determine the stage of the cooking process. Chemicals used in the drug lab may serve as precursors, solvents, or reagents in the synthesis process, which is extremely unstable and poses an imminent danger to anyone present on the scene. Chemicals used in the drug lab may serve as precursors, solvents, or reagents in the synthesis process, which is extremely unstable and poses an imminent danger to anyone present on the scene.

35. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-35 THE DRUG RAID Purpose of the raid – intrusion into a building or locality for lawful purposes. Purpose of the raid – intrusion into a building or locality for lawful purposes. These purposes are typically the arrest of a suspect, the recovery of stolen property, or the seizure of drug evidence. These purposes are typically the arrest of a suspect, the recovery of stolen property, or the seizure of drug evidence.

36. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-36 TEAM PERSONNEL The raid should be under the authority of one investigator commonly known as the Case Agent. The raid should be under the authority of one investigator commonly known as the Case Agent.

37. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-37 Personnel in a drug raid serve four functions: 1.Seal the outer boundary of the raid area. 2.Capture the criminal if he or she breaks away from the apprehending unit. 3.The apprehending unit (also called the entry unit) makes entry into the location and places the suspect in custody. 4.The support or search unit serves as reinforcement to the apprehending unit.

38. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-38 PRERAID PLANNING The raid commander must be identified. The raid commander must be identified. All team members must be familiar with one another. All team members must be familiar with one another. A mockup diagram should be made to show team members their tasks in the operation. A mockup diagram should be made to show team members their tasks in the operation.

39. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-39 All suspects should be clearly identified. All suspects should be clearly identified. Raid officers should know the nature of the evidence in the case. Raid officers should know the nature of the evidence in the case. Detailed descriptions of automobiles should be disseminated to team members. Detailed descriptions of automobiles should be disseminated to team members. Information on timing should be specific. Information on timing should be specific.

40. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-40 Because most raids are pursuant to a search warrant, all team members should be aware of who is in possession of the warrant. Because most raids are pursuant to a search warrant, all team members should be aware of who is in possession of the warrant. Post-entry assignments should be given, which include custody of prisoners, custody of evidence, and custody and handling of seized vehicles. Post-entry assignments should be given, which include custody of prisoners, custody of evidence, and custody and handling of seized vehicles.

41. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-41 RAID EXECUTION While the preraid plan is still fresh in the minds of team members, the raid should begin.

42. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-42 REVERSE STING DRUG OPERATIONS An undercover investigator poses as a dealer and sells large quantities of narcotics to known traffickers. An undercover investigator poses as a dealer and sells large quantities of narcotics to known traffickers.

43. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-43 MANPOWER CONSIDERATIONS  Three undercover investigators should be designated to perform the principle street sales assignments.

44. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-44 CONDUCTING THE STING Through the careful development of an acceptable dialogue between the undercover officer and the customer, the danger of entrapment is virtually eliminated. Through the careful development of an acceptable dialogue between the undercover officer and the customer, the danger of entrapment is virtually eliminated.

45. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-45 PHARMACEUTICAL DIVERSION Pharmaceutical diversion – also called compliance investigations have revealed widespread diversion of drugs by health care professionals and street criminals alike Pharmaceutical diversion – also called compliance investigations have revealed widespread diversion of drugs by health care professionals and street criminals alike

46. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-46 DIVERSION BY LEGAL REGISTRANTS As the law is structured now, all medical professionals who are required to handle controlled substances must register with the DEA and obtain a registration number that is unique to each of them. As the law is structured now, all medical professionals who are required to handle controlled substances must register with the DEA and obtain a registration number that is unique to each of them.

47. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-47 Legal registrants of pharmaceutical drugs include: Importers Importers Exporters Exporters Manufacturers Manufacturers Wholesalers Wholesalers Hospitals Hospitals Pharmacies Pharmacies Physicians Physicians Nurses Nurses Drug researchers Drug researchers

48. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-48 Generally, four varieties of doctors have been identified as being involved in diversion: Dishonest: strictly for profit Dishonest: strictly for profit Impaired: those who have become dependent on drugs themselves Impaired: those who have become dependent on drugs themselves

49. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-49 Dated: those who may hand out drugs without prescriptions to those who legitimately need medication Dated: those who may hand out drugs without prescriptions to those who legitimately need medication Gullible: the doctor who is easily manipulated by criminals to give prescriptions for controlled substances Gullible: the doctor who is easily manipulated by criminals to give prescriptions for controlled substances

50. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-50 DIVERSION BY STREET CRIMINALS Scammers – “professional patients,” fraudulently attempt to obtain prescriptions for controlled drugs from physicians and pharmacies. Scammers – “professional patients,” fraudulently attempt to obtain prescriptions for controlled drugs from physicians and pharmacies. A criminal will take a legitimately written prescription and alter the quantity of the prescribed drug. A criminal will take a legitimately written prescription and alter the quantity of the prescribed drug.

51. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-51 EXTRAORDINARY DRUG ENFORCEMENT TECHNIQUES Drug courier profile – agents observe suspected drug traffickers and develop a pattern of behavior typical of those who use commercial airlines or public highways for drug trafficking. Drug courier profile – agents observe suspected drug traffickers and develop a pattern of behavior typical of those who use commercial airlines or public highways for drug trafficking.

52. Criminal Investigation The Art and the Science 4th ed By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 0745820-52 ASSET FORFEITURE  The theory behind asset forfeitures is to take the profit out of illicit drug sales by seizing money or property that was either used to facilitate a drug crime or acquired with illicit drug revenues.