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SURVEY OF BIOCHEMISTRY Carbohydrates

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Presentation on theme: "SURVEY OF BIOCHEMISTRY Carbohydrates"— Presentation transcript:

1 SURVEY OF BIOCHEMISTRY Carbohydrates

2 What are Carbohydrates?
Generic Formula of Simple Carbs (CH2O)n Sugars formed from CO2 and H2O Roles Energy in diet Mediating intercellular communication Structural support (e.g. cell walls)

3 Polysaccharides (Glycans, Glycosides)
Classification Monosaccharides Aldoses Ketoses Polysaccharides (Glycans, Glycosides) Glycoproteins: sugars bound to proteins N-linked Oligosaccharides O-Linked Oligosaccharides

4 Aldoses & Ketoses Sugars made from aldehydes form aldoses
Sugars made from ketones form ketoses

5 Important Aldoses To Study
6-C sugars DESCRIBE SIMILARLITIES VS. DISTINCTIONS IN STRUCTURE 5-C sugar All begin with CHO group

6 Important Aldoses To Study
6-C sugars DESCRIBE SIMILARLITIES VS. DISTINCTIONS IN STRUCTURE 5-C sugar All end with group

7 Important Aldoses To Study
6-C sugars DESCRIBE SIMILARLITIES VS. DISTINCTIONS IN STRUCTURE 5-C sugar Most names end with -ose suffix

8 Important Ketoses To Study
3-C sugar 5-C sugar 6-C sugar Most names all end with -ulose suffix

9 Important Ketoses To Study
3-C sugar 5-C sugar 6-C sugar Ketoses begin with group

10 Important Ketoses To Study
3-C sugar 5-C sugar 6-C sugar Most ketoses end with group

11 Important Ketoses To Study
3-C sugar 5-C sugar 6-C sugar Several ketoses end with -ulose suffix

12 Structures of Monosaccharides
Isomers and Epimers Enantiomers Anomeric Carbons Ways to Draw Monosaccharides Fischer Projection Haworth Projection Chair form Preferred

13 Isomers Isomers are different compounds that have the same chemical formula C6H12O6

14 Epimers Epimers are sugars that differ only by the configuration around one carbon atom. Only difference

15 Enantiomers See Section 4-2 for help Know this structure
Most sugars are found in the D-stereoisomer. D-Glyceraldehyde is the most simple aldose.

16 Cyclization of Monosaccharides Anomeric Carbons

17 Cyclization of Monosaccharides Anomeric Carbons
Conformations Position of -OH Group on Anomeric C Down Up

18 Ways to Draw Monosaccharides
Fischer Projection - linear Haworth Projection - cyclic Chair - cyclic

19 Cyclization of Monosaccharides
Down Up

20 Cyclization of Monosaccharides
Down Up

21 Disaccharides: 2 sugars
Polysaccharides Disaccharides: 2 sugars Lactose: Glucose + Galactose Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose Maltose: Glucose + Glucose Oligosaccharides: 3-12 sugars Polysaccharides: 13+ sugars Glycogen: homopolysaccharide of glucose Glycosaminoglycans: heteropolysaccharides

22 Polysaccharides Monosaccharides can be linked to form oligosaccharides, and ultimately polysaccharides via glycosidic bonds. SUCROSE Glycosidic Bond

23 Polysaccharides Monosaccharides can be linked to form oligosaccharides, and ultimately polysaccharides via glycosidic bonds. LACTOSE Glycosidic Bond

24 Glycosidic Bonds in RNA

25 Starch in Plants

26 Starch in Plants

27 Glycoproteins: N-Linked

28 Glycoproteins: O-Linked

29 PRS When comparing two enzymes, the optimal catalytic activity can be determined by_______. The smallest Km The largest KM The smallest Vmax The smallest kcat/KM

30 PRS Which class of enzyme catalyzes group elimination to form double bonds? Transferases Isomerases Lyases Ligases

31 Which of the following proteins is involved in muscle contraction?
PRS Which of the following proteins is involved in muscle contraction? Trypsin Troponin Chymotrypsin Hemoglobin

32 Which of the following is a ketose? Glucose Fructose Ribose Galactose
PRS Which of the following is a ketose? Glucose Fructose Ribose Galactose

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