2. Regents Biology Carbohydrates

3. Regents Biology Carbohydrates: OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Energy molecules

4. Regents Biology Carbohydrates  Building block molecules = sugar sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar sugars

5. Regents Biology sucrose Carbohydrates  Function:  quick energy  energy storage  structure  cell wall in plants  Examples  sugars  starches  cellulose (cell wall) glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 starch

6. Regents Biology Sugars = building blocks  Names for sugars usually end in  glucose  fructose  sucrose  maltose OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 sucrose fructose maltose -ose

7. Regents Biology Naming Sugars  The term saccharide comes from saccharum, meaning sugar  Simple sugars  Single chain of carbon atoms  C have –OH groups attached  Distinguishing sugars  carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone)  Number of carbons in the chain

8. Regents Biology Isomers OH  Molecules with the same chemical formula but with a different arrangement of atoms  C 6 H 12 O 6 GlucoseFructose  Different shapes = different properties

9. Regents Biology Building carbohydrates  Monosaccharides = 1 sugar  Disaccharides = 2 suagrs  2-10 sugars can also be called oligosaccharides  Glycosidic linkage  covalent bond holding 2 sugars together  Condensation rxn = Produce water

10. Regents Biology Building carbohydrates  Synthesis | glucose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide 2 sugars = disaccharide | maltose mono = one saccharide = sugar di = two Glycosidic linkage

11. Regents Biology Building carbohydrates  Synthesis | fructose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide | sucrose (table sugar) 2 sugars = disaccharide How sweet it is! Glycosidic linkage

12. Regents Biology BIG carbohydrates  Polysaccharides  large carbohydrates  Energy source or structure  starch  energy storage in plants potatoes  glycogen  energy storage in animals in liver & muscles  cellulose  structure in plants cell walls  chitin  structure in arthropods & fungi exoskeleton poly = many

13. Regents Biology Building BIG carbohydrates glucose + glucose + glucose… = starch (plant) energy storage polysaccharide Straight chain Branched chain We have enzymes that hydrolyze amylose and amylopectin into glucose molecules, therefore we have the ability to digest them

14. Regents Biology Building BIG carbohydrates glucose + glucose + glucose… = glycogen (animal) energy storage polysaccharide Branching chain -Several branching sections -energy storage for ie. Physical exercise

15. Regents Biology Cellulose  Cell walls in plants  Chains are neither coiled or branched  They can H-bond between chains  Form tight bundles

16. Regents Biology Cellulose  Cell walls in plants  herbivores can digest cellulose well  most carnivores cannot digest cellulose (we don’t have the enzymes to digest it)  that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients  cellulose = roughage  stays undigested  keeps material moving in your intestines

17. Regents Biology Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest cellulose hard to digest enzyme

18. Regents Biology Different Diets of Herbivores Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

19. Regents Biology Helpful bacteria  How can cows digest cellulose so well?  BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals