1. Cellular Energy

2. What is the difference between carbohydrates, lipids and proteins? Biological Molecules FunctionsExamples CARBOHYDRATES -Store energy (quick energy) - Provide structural support for cells -Glucose - Fructose - Sucrose - Lactose -Cellulose - Starch - Glycogen LIPIDS -Store energy (long-term) - Provide barriers -Chemical messengers -Fats (energy) - Oils (energy) -Wax (barrier) - Phospholipid (barrier) - Cholesterol (messenger) - Hormones (messenger) PROTEINS -Transport substances - Speed up reactions - Provide structural support - Defense - Hemoglobin (transport) - Enzymes (speed up) - Collagen (structural support) -Antibodies (defense)

3. Classifying Carbohydrate Molecules CATEGORYEXAMPLE MONOSACCHARIDE “simple sugar” One molecule of C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose Fructose DISACCHARIDE Two monosaccharides linked together. Sucrose (table sugar) Lactose (milk) POLYSACCHARIDE Three or more monosaccharides linked together. Starch (plants) Glycogen (animals) Cellulose (cell wall of plants)

5. There are 2 different pathways organisms can perform respiration… CELLULAR RESPIRATION ANEROBIC CELLULAR RESPRIATION AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPRIATION Alcohol Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation The process of breaking down glucose into energy. No O 2 present CO2 + glucose energy + alcohol Yeast Humans CO2 + glucose energy + lactic acid O 2 present O 2 + glucose Energy + CO 2

6. Our cells need glucose… How does a piece of bread become glucose and find it’s way into our cells?

7. Step 1 The saliva in the mouth will start to chemically digest the polysaccharide bread (starch) into disaccharides.

8. Step 2 The wet ball of bread that is partially digested will now be pushed down the esophagus and into the stomach.

9. Step 3 The stomach’s acid and enzymes will digest the polysaccharide and disaccharides remnants of bread into glucose monosaccharides.

10. Step 4 The bread has now been broken down into glucose. It will be absorbed through the walls of the intestines into the blood stream.

11. Step 5 The blood’s circulatory system will transport the glucose to all parts of the body.

12. Step 6 The glucose will be absorbed into the cell through the process of diffusion. The glucose will then enter the mitochondria and be broken down for energy.

13. Purpose of Cellular Respiration To break the bonds of glucose molecules into useable energy. The energy is released in the form of ATP.

14. Organelle: Mitochondria Reactants (inputs): Oxygen, Glucose Products (outputs): ATP, CO 2, Water oxygen glucose ATP CO 2 Water

15. What type of organisms perform cellular respiration? AUTOTROPHSHETEROTROPHS An organism that can capture sunlight energy and produce glucose (chemical energy). AKA: producer Examples: plants, algae & some bacteria An organism that obtains chemical energy from the food it eats AKA: consumer, herbivore, carnivore, decomposer, omnivore Examples: animals, fungi, & most bacteria

16. Chemical Formula Reactants (Into Mitochondria) Products (Out of Mitochondria) Word Formula Glucose + Oxygen Water + Carbon Dioxide + ATP Chemical Formula C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 H 2 O + CO 2 + ATP

17. What is ATP? ATP: (Adenosine triphosphate) a biological molecule that provides chemical energy for cellular activities

18. What is the function of ATP? ENERGY IS RELEASED WHEN: The bond between the 2 nd and 3 rd phosphate groups is broken, forming a molecule called ADP (adenosine diphosphate).

19. ANABOLIC REACTIONS CATABOLIC REACTIONS Use energy to build larger molecules from smaller molecules Example: Photosynthesis Release energy by breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules Example: Cellular Respiration

20. Photosynthesis Purpose: Converts sunlight energy into chemical energy (glucose). Organelle: Chloroplast CHLOROPLAST

21. Reactants (Into the Chloroplast) Products (Out of the Chloroplast) Word Formula Sunlight Water + Carbon Dioxide Glucose + Oxygen Chemical Formula Sunlight H2O + CO2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2

22. How does the chloroplast absorb sunlight energy? Chlorophyll Pigments: Molecules that can absorb visible light waves. Below are the most common pigments found in plants: Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b

23. Chlorophyll Absorption

24. What are enzymes? ENZYMES are CATALYST proteins that help speed up chemical reactions. The enzyme is does not get used up during the reaction.

25. What is the purpose of enzymes? Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction inside living organisms. It allows the reaction to proceed quickly. The enzyme can be used again after each reaction. #12

26. Each type of enzyme has a very specific role. Enzyme NameJob LipaseBreaks down lipids (fats) PeptidaseBreaks down peptide ponds that hold amino acids together (proteins) LactaseBreaks down lactose found in dairy products CellulaseBreaks down cellulose found in cell walls PectinaseBreaks down pectin found in cell walls PolymeraseBuilds DNA RubiscoBuilds glucose molecules (a part of photosynthesis) ATP SynthaseBuilds ATP molecules (a part of cellular respiration) #13

27. Just like how each enzyme has a very specific role, they each have a very specific shape…

28. 1. Substrate binds to the specific active site on the enzyme. 2. Bonds of substrate change and form a new product. 3. Products are released. The enzyme will now attach to a new substrate. #14

30. Enzymes A Fun Introduction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4&feature=related Active SiteProductEnzymeSubstrate Substrate Active Site Enzyme Product #15

31. How do factors such as temperature & pH affect enzyme activity? If an enzyme is NOT in it’s normal temperature or pH environment, the enzyme will… DENATURE (denaturation): The enzyme’s bonds and physical structure breaks, causing the enzyme to change shape. The active site is no longer functional. #16

32. Denaturation