1. Cell Chemistry (II) Functional groups Monosaccharides & Disaccharides Metabolism: Anabolic & Catabolic

2. KNOW & Be Able to Draw & Identify These Functional Groups

3. Understand Meaning/Significance of Key Terms 1.Hydrophilic 2.Hydrophobic 3.Metabolism 4.Anabolic 5.Catabolic 6.Synthesis 7.Enzyme 8.Cellular respiration 9.Enzyme 10.Oxidation 11.Reduction 12.Dehydration synthesis 13.Hydrolysis

4. Know Significance of These Electrolytes in Physiology H+H+  HCO 3 -  Fe 2+ I-I-  Ca 2+

5. Significance of Carbohydrates in Physiology Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

6. Composition of Carbohydrates  All of them, mono-, di- and poly- contain the elements C, H and O  The ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1 or C n (H 2 O) n OR C n H 2n O n where “n” may be 5, 6 or …  If n=5 then a monosaccharide will most likely have the formula C 5 H 10 O 5

7. Classes/Categories of Carbohydrates 1.Monosaccharides 2.Disaccharides 3.Polysaccharides  Examples of each?

8. Monosaccharides  Examples of monosaccharides Glucose Fructose Galactose  They each have 6C, therefore called hexoses  What would be the chemical formula for each one?  Looking at the structural formula for Glucose, Would you expect it to be: Hydrophilic? OR Hydrophobic?

9. Significance of Monosaccharides in Physiology  They are fuels  Body cells “burn” or “Oxidize” these fuels in order to extract from them ENERGY  Cells burn fuels by a process called: “Cellular Respiration”  A general formula for “cellular respiration” Fuel+ nO 2  nCO 2 + nH 2 O + Energy  Energy will be in the form of Heat plus a chemical called nATP  By what process do monosaccharides get into/out of cells? (Study Guyton Ch.4)

10. Disaccharides  Examples of disaccharides Sucrose Lactose Maltose  Composition of sucrose Glucose + Fructose joined by a glycosidic bond  Composition of Lactose Glucose + Galactose joined by a glycosidic bond  Compsition of Maltose Glucose + Glucose joined by what?

11. Dehydration Synthesis  The type of chemical reaction by which disaccharides are produced is called: Dehydration synthesis  Formation of covalent bond requires participation of an enzyme and consumes energy  Questions? 1.Is dehydration synthesis an example of anabolic or catabolic metabolism? 2.Does it consume or yield energy?

12. Significance of Disaccharides in Physiology  We get them in our diet when we drink milk or malt, or eat sugar cane or use table sugar or run on “Dunkin”  They are synthesized by cells BUT there are no mechanism/process by which they can enter body cells  So what happens to disaccharide when we consume them? (Study Guyton Ch. 65 p789-93; p793-97)

13. Metabolism  All chemical reactions that occur in cells Examples: Dehydration Synthesis, Hydrolysis plus those in metabolic pathways (glycolysis & Krebs Cycle)  Types of metabolism Anabolic Catabolic  Anabolic: For building up big and complex molecules  i.e., anabolic steroids are consumed by weight lifters  Catabolic: For breaking down big and complex molecule into simpler ones

14. Anabolic vs Catabolic Metabolism  Anabolic Net consumption of energy Covalent bonds are synthesized Example:???  Catabolic metabolism Net yield of energy Covalent bonds are broken Example:???  Both require participation of enzymes

15. Anabolic vs Catabolic Metabolism: Illustrated (Marieb, Ch. 3) Which one illustrates catabolic metabolism: a, b or c?

16. Dehydration Synthesis vs Hydrolysis (Marieb, Ch. 2)

17. Glycogen: A Polysaccharide What monosaccharide is the building block for glycogen?

18. Cell Chemistry II THE END