2. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. MEMORY

3. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. The Seven Dwarves Difficulty of the task?Difficulty of the task? Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon? Organization of memory by sound, letter, and meaning (e.g., two- syllable names ending in –y)Organization of memory by sound, letter, and meaning (e.g., two- syllable names ending in –y) Recall vs. Recognition (next slide)Recall vs. Recognition (next slide)

4. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. The Seven Dwarves Recall vs. RecognitionRecall vs. Recognition –Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, Stubby.

5. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Extremes of Memory Memory Deficiencies: AmnesiaMemory Deficiencies: Amnesia –The case of Clive Wearing (video – segment 10, DVD#1, The Mind) Outstanding memory: Mnemonists (Video of Super mnenomist: Brain Video, 2 nd ed.,program 20)Outstanding memory: Mnemonists (Video of Super mnenomist: Brain Video, 2 nd ed.,program 20)

6. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. The Atkinson-Shiffrin Multiple-Store Model

7. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Demos –Handout 7-3 –Memory test of 16 letters Encoding:Encoding: –Automatic processing vs. Effortful processing –Make it meaningful (e.g., imagery, context) – Rehearsal – Chunking – The serial position effect

8. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. –Short-Term Memory Idealized Serial-Position Curve

9. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Forgetting as encoding failure Meeting people…

10. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. The elusive search for “where” memory is stored… Where? Diff parts of brain Importance of hippocampus

11. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus (see Fig 5.10) NMDA receptors become activated: –“sending” neuron releases glutamate –“receiving” neuron excited Long-term potentiation (LTP) results –enhanced neural processing –Neurons that “fire together, wire together”

12. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Memory storage Strong emotions make for stronger memories yStress hormones boost learning and retention (video: “Remembering what matters”: Sci American #16) yFlashbulb memories

13. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Retrieval of memory Word list test (p. 320 notes)Word list test (p. 320 notes) Mood-congruent memories (state-dependent retrieval)Mood-congruent memories (state-dependent retrieval)

14. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. The Constructive Nature of Memory Leading question: “About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?”

15. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. The Constructive Nature of Memory Legal issues Eyewitness testimony Child abuse cases Leading questions

16. Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. The Constructive Nature of Memory “Memory isn’t like reading a book; it’s more like writing a book from fragmentary notes.” Video (Sci Amer. -- “True or false” Segment 17)