1. Warm-up: What is organic? Please put this in your notes. CO 2 Water C 2 H 6 C 6 H 12 O 6 Oxygen gas Oak Tree Nitrates in soil

2. Biomolecules Notes Part 1 Biochemistry Unit September 16, 2015

3. Chemistry of Carbon Carbon bonds with many elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen, to form the molecules of life. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds. Strong! Sharing of electrons. One carbon atom can bond to another, so carbon can form chains that are unlimited in length. Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds. Chains of carbon. Rings of carbon.

4. Biomolecules The large organic molecules formed in living things are known as biomolecules. Also called “macromolecules.” Monomers: a small chemical unit that makes up a polymer. Polymers: molecules composed of many monomers. Four Major Groups of Biomolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

5. Biomolecule Polymerization Addition Polymerization Also called dehydration synthesis. Monomer + monomer  polymer Condensation Polymerization Also called hydrolysis. Polymer  monomer + monomer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =ZMTeqZLXBSo

6. Carbohydrates Overview Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, in the ratio of 1:2:1. Functions Source of energy. Structural (plants, some animals, and other organisms).

7. Carbohydrates Simple Sugars Monosaccharide: carbohydrate monomer. Examples Glucose  immediate energy for cells. Galactose  component of milk. Fructose  found in fruits.

8. Carbohydrates Building Complex Sugars Table Sugar: Sucrose Sucrose = glucose + fructose Dehydration synthesis can join glucose to fructose to make sucrose! Chemical Formula:

9. Carbohydrates Complex Sugars Disaccharide: formed by joining two monosaccharides together. Polysaccharide: large biomolecules formed by joining many monosaccharides together. Glycogen: how animals store sugar. Starch: how plants store sugar. Cellulose: give plants strength and rigidity (structural). Cellulose Starch

10. Characteristics Not soluble in water. Made mostly from hydrogen and carbon. Not polymers! Many are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with fatty acids. Functions Store energy. Form parts of biological membranes or waterproof coverings. Examples: fats, oils, and waxes. Lipids Overview

11. Glycerol Fatty Acid

12. Lipids Saturated vs. Unsaturated If each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond, the lipid is saturated. Solid at room temperature. If there is at least one carbon- carbon double bond in a fatty acid, the fatty acid is said to be unsaturated. Double bonds produce kinks in the chain. Liquid at room temperature.

13. Lipids Types Fats and oils Store long term energy. Found in animal fats, vegetable oil, petroleum. Phospholipids Makes coverings (membranes). Water resistant. Found in cell membranes Steroids and Hormones Produce body changes such as puberty. Found in cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen.