1. Macromolecules Keefe Bio 2015

2. Biochemistry The study of all chemical processes that occur in living things

3. Organic Chemistry The study of all chemicals that contain CARBON Also usually contain the elements Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Phosphorus CHNOP

4. Carbon: What’s the big deal? Carbon is important to life because: It can form 4 strong covalent bonds It can bind to itself and form LIMITLESS chains It can form single, double, or triple bonds with another atom

5. Hydrocarbons Contain CARBON and HYDROGEN – Highly flammable

6. Examples

7. Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + heat Reactant(s): ‘ingredient(s)’ of a chemical reaction Product(s): produced by a reaction

8. Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + heat What are the reactants of the reaction above? Hydrocarbon + O 2 What are the products of the reaction above? CO 2 + H 2 O + heat

9. Macromolecules

10. Monomer The small, relatively simple building blocks of macromolecules from Greek mono "one" and meros "part” Like the pearls on this necklace

11. Monomers You join monomers together to form polymers via DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS: “de”= DELETE “hydro”= WATER So you DELETE WATER to form polymers!

12. Monomer – What are the monomers of proteins? Amino acids Contain C, H, O, and N

13. Monomer There are 20 amino acids used by the human body!

14. Monomer – What are the monomers of carbohydrates? Sugars Contain C, H, and O

15. Monomers Sugars are also called MONOSACCARIDES Mono= ONE Saccharide= SUGAR

16. Monomer What’s the sugar made in photosynthesis? – glucose

17. Dimers Two sugars bonded together is called a DISACCARIDE Di= TWO Saccharide= SUGAR

18. Monomer – What are the monomers of nucleic acids? Nucleotides (draw!) Contain C, H, O, N, and P

19. Monomer There are 5 different nucleotides: – Thymine (found ONLY in DNA) – Uracil (found ONLY in RNA) – Adenine – Guanine – Cytosine

20. Monomer – What are the monomers of fats and lipids? Glycerol and fatty acids (draw!)

21. Monomer Example of lipids? – Phospholipid bilayer! (major component of cell membranes)

22. Macromolecules MACRO= LARGE There are 4 macromolecules we study: – Proteins – Carbohydrates – Nucleic acids – Lipids and fats

23. Macromolecules MacromoleculeExampleFunction CarbohydratesSugar 1. Short-term energy 2. Structure Lipids Vegetable Oil 1. Long-term energy storage 2. Protection/ Insulation 3. Structure 4. Chemical Messengers ProteinsBeef 1. Structure 2. Regulate cell processes and chemical reactions 3. Transport Nucleic AcidsDNA 1. Store and transmit genetic information

24. Polymer Long, relatively complex chains called macromolecules Poly “many" and meros "part” Like the whole necklace

25. Polymer You break polymers apart to form monomers via HYDROLYSIS: “Hydro”= Water “lysis”= to break So you ADD WATER to form monomers

26. Polymer – What are the polymers of amino acids? proteins

27. Polymers We call the bonds between amino acids PEPTIDE BONDS Another word for proteins is POLYPEPTIDES

28. Polymer Important classes of proteins include: – Hormones (for communicating between cells in an organism) – Enzymes (speed up reactions)

29. Polymer What are the polymers of sugars? – CARBOHYDRATES

30. Polymer Another word for carbohydrates is POLYSACCHARIDE Poly= many Saccharide= sugar

31. Polymers Important carbohydrates include: – Cellulose: give structure and support to plants (plant cell walls are made of cellulose!) – Starch (food storage for plants- found in things like potatoes)

32. Polymer What are the polymers of nucleotides? – Nucleic acids! (DNA and RNA)

33. Polymer What are the polymers of glycerol and fatty acids? – Fats and lipids

34. Polymers Important fats include: – Cholesterol – Vegetable oils and butter (mmmmmmm butter)

35. POP QUIZ! What are the monomers of PROTEINS? – Amino acids What are the monomers of CARBOHYDRATES? – sugars What are the monomers of NUCLEIC ACIDS? – nucleotides What are the monomers of LIPIDS? – Fatty acids and glycerol

36. Enzymes Usually end in –ase Are biological CATALYSTS – A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction – Made of proteins

37. Enzymes They speed up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the ACTIVATION ENERGY – The amount of energy needed to get a reaction started – Label the chart

39. Enzymes Enzymes bind to a substance called a substrate (reactants). – Enzymes have an active site. – The active site is the groove (space) where the substrate will fit.

40. Enzymes Draw and label the diagram:

41. Enzymes The idea that the enzyme and the substrate fit together perfectly: – Lock-and-key hypothesis

42. Enzymes The current hypothesis is the induced fit hypothesis: an enzyme can slightly change its shape to better mold around a substrate. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=S7aiqJW2xoc&feature=related

43. Enzymes Enzymes work best at a pH between 6 and 8 (close to neutral). Going above or beyond this range will cause enzymes to denature (cook!) and lose their function.

44. Enzymes The optimum (best) temperature for enzymes is between 35 o C and 40 o C (around human body temperature). Above this temperature, enzymes denature or lose their shape. Below this temperature, enzymes are too cold to work

45. Examples of Enzymes EnzymeFunction 1. MaltaseBreaks down maltose 2. SucraseBreaks down sucrose (table sugar) 3. LactaseBreaks down lactose 4. Pepsin(stomach) Breaks down proteins 5. Bromalin(fruits) Breaks down proteins 6. PeroxidaseBreaks down peroxide