1. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1 Chapter 6 Memory

2. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 2 Chapter Preview The nature of memory Memory encoding Memory storage Memory retrieval Forgetting

3. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 3 Memory Retention of information or experience over time Processes: Encoding Storage Retrieval

4. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 4 Memory Encoding Process by which information enters memory storage Automatic Processing Controlled Processing - With effort

5. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 5 Memory Encoding Attention To begin memory encoding, must pay attention to information Selective attention Focusing on specific aspects Limitation of brain’s resources Divided attention Attending to several things simultaneously

6. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 6 Memory Encoding Attention Sustained attention Attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time Multi-tasking

7. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 7 Memory Encoding Depth of Processing Shallow – Structural, Physical and Perceptual Features Intermediate – Phonemic and/or Recognition of Stimuli Deep – Semantic, Connections with Past Information

8. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 8 Memory Encoding Processing & Elaboration Levels of processing Continuum from shallow to deep Deeper processing, better memory Deep, elaborate processing is powerful Elaboration Number of different connections made Evident in physical activity of brain

9. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 9 Memory Encoding Other Strategies for Encoding Mental Imagery Dual-code hypothesis Memory for pictures better than memory for words Pictures stored as both image codes and verbal codes Mnemonics

10. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 10 Memory Storage How information is: Retained over time Represented in memory Atkinson-Shiffrin theory Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory

11. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 11 Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Theory of Memory

12. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 12 Sensory Memory Holds information in sensory form for an instant Echoic memory Auditory sensory memory Retained for up to several seconds Iconic memory Visual sensory memory Retained for only about ¼ second

13. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 13 Short-Term Memory Limited-capacity (7±2 items) Information retained for up to 30 seconds, without strategies to retain it longer Chunking Grouping information into higher-order units Rehearsal Conscious repetition of information

14. Can You Remember These? 1776200119951970179219402007 ? 510152025303540 ? 300305310320330340350 ? issheilagoingtobuythenewphone © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14

15. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15 Working Memory Alternative approach to explaining short-term memory Three-part system to hold information temporarily Phonological loop Briefly stores speech-based information

16. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 16 Long-Term Memory Relatively permanent memory Stores huge amounts of information for long time Explicit memory Implicit memory

17. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 17 Explicit (Declarative) Memory Conscious recollection of information that can be verbally communicated Permastore content Episodic memory Autobiographical information Semantic memory Knowledge about the world

18. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 18 Some Differences Between Episodic and Semantic Memory

19. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 19 Implicit (Nondeclarative) Memory Nonconscious recollection of skills and sensory perceptions Procedural memory Memory for skills Classical conditioning Memory for associations between stimuli Priming Activation of information already in storage

20. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 20 Memory: Location Neurons Memory located in specific circuits of neurons Neurotransmitters play a role in forging connections Long-term potentiation Simultaneous activation of neurons strengthens memory

21. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 21 Memory: Location Brain structures Explicit memory Hippocampus, temporal lobes, limbic system (amygdala) Implicit memory Cerebellum, temporal lobes, hippocampus

22. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 22 Figure 6.12 – Structures of the Brain Involved in Different Aspects of Long-Term Memory

23. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 23 Memory: Retrieval When information retained in memory comes out of storage Serial position effect Tendency to recall items at beginning and end of lists Primacy effect Better recall for items at beginning of list Recency effect Better recall for items at end of list

24. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24 Memory: Retrieval Factors Retrieval cues Retrieval task Recall Memory task to retrieve previously learned information Recognition Memory task to identify, or recognize, learned items

25. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 25 Memory: Retrieval Encoding specificity principle Information present at time of learning tends to be effective as retrieval cue Context-dependent memory Remembering better when attempting to recall information in same context in which it was learned

26. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26 Memory: Retrieval Autobiographical memories Special form of episodic memory containing recollections of own life experiences

27. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 27 Figure 6.15 - The Three-Level Hierarchical Structure of Autobiographical Memory

28. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 28 Memory: Retrieval Flashbulb memory Emotionally significant events Recalled with vivid imagery Memory for traumatic events May contain inaccuracies

29. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29 Memory: Retrieval Repressed memories Defense mechanism by which person, traumatized by an event, forgets it – and then forgets act of forgetting May be special case of motivated forgetting

30. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 30 Figure 6.16 - Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

31. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 31 Forgetting Encoding failure Not ‘forgotten’ but, never encoded Information never entered into long-term memory Retrieval failure Forgotten information

32. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32 Forgetting: Interference Forgetting because other information gets in way of remembering Proactive interference Material learned earlier disrupts retrieval of material learned later Retroactive interference Material learned later disrupts retrieval of material learned earlier

33. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33 Figure 6.18 - Proactive and Retroactive Interference

34. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34 Forgetting Decay Neurochemical memory ‘trace’ disintegrates over time Cannot, alone, explain forgetting Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (TOT state) Confident of knowing something but unable to retrieve it from memory

35. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 35 Amnesia Loss of memory Anterograde amnesia Disorder that affects retention of new information Retrograde amnesia Memory loss for a segment of past, but not for new events

36. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 36 Applying Memory Tips To your studies: Organize Encode Rehearse Retrieve To your life: Autobiographical memory and the life story Generative (vs. contamination) life stories