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COMPETITION (Chapter 13)
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COMPETITION: INTRASPECIFIC versus INTERSPECIFIC
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13 Leafhopper Demonstrating Intraspecific Competition in Animals
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Fig. 13.6 in Molles 2008 Number of Leafhoppers (per cage) Number of Leafhoppers (per cage) Demonstrating Intraspecific Competition in Animals
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10 Alfalfa 11 12 Demonstrating IntraspecificCompetition in Plants
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Fig. 13-5 in Molles 2008 -3/2 Thinning Rule (Sometimes) Demonstrating Intraspecific Competition in Plants
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COMPETITION: INTERFERENCE vs. RESOURCE Interference Competition Resource Competition
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Trenched (Treatment)Untrenched (Control) 7 8 Demonstrating Resource Competition
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Trenched Untrenched Demonstrating Resource Competition (Results)
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Demonstrating Interference Competition.36m 2 Plots, Stocked with Sliced Carrots and Potatos Density: 50 IsopodsDensity: 100 Isopods
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Demonstrating Interference Competition Fig. 13.7 in Molles 2008
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INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION Giant Kelp (Macrocystis) Bull Kelp (Nereocystis)
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Galium saxatile Galium pumilum 6 7 Demonstrating Interspecific Competition in Plants
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Tansley (1917) Demonstrating Interspecific Competition in Plants
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Understanding Interspecific Competition in Context of Niche Giant Kelp (Macrocystis) Bull Kelp (Nereocystis)
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Graphical Depiction of Giant Kelp Niche (Three Axes) Nutrients Light Carbon Dioxide
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15 Giant Kelp Niche: Other Abiotic Factors? N – Dimensional Hypervolume: Hypothetical Space that Represents ALL N Physical Factors that Influence Growth, Survival and Reproduction
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Range of physical conditions in which a given species can live in the absence of negative interactions with other species FUNDAMENTAL NICHE Nutrients Light Carbon Dioxide
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16 15 Negative Interactions with Other Species
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NICHE OVERLAP Fundamental Niches of Giant Kelp, Bull Kelp in One Dimension Giant Kelp Bull Kelp Light Intensity
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Photosynthesis Rate ADJUSTMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL NICHE IN PRESENCE OF COMPETITOR Giant KelpBull Kelp Giant Kelp Bull Kelp Light Intensity
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Range of physical conditions in which a given species can live in the presence of negative interactions with other species REALIZED NICHE Photosynthesis Rate Giant Kelp Bull Kelp Light Intensity
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Fig. 13.20 in Molles 2008 Consequences of Interspecific Competition
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Fundamental and Realized Niche of Chthalamus
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Two Species with Same or Very Similar Niche: Is Coexistence Possible? Resource Utilization
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Competitive Exclusion Principle: (G.F. Gause) Two Species with Identical Niches CAN NOT Coexist Indefinitely
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Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition I (Begin with Logistic Rate Equations for N 1, N 2 ) Note: These equations incorporate effects of intraspecific competition
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Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition II (Incorporate Interspecific Competition)
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Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition III (Assume Equilibrium Conditions)
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Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition IV (Determine Equations for Zero-Change Isoclines)
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Fig. 14.13 in Molles 2008 Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition V (Species 1 Strong Competitor, Species 2 Weak Competitor)
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Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition VI (Species 1 Weak Competitor, Species 2 Strong Competitor)
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Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition VII (Both Species are Strong Competitors) N2N2
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Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition VII (Both Species are Weak Competitors)
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Competitive Exclusion Principle: (G.F. Gause) Two Species with Identical Niches CAN NOT Coexist Indefinitely (i.e., Two Strong Competitors for the Same Resource CAN NOT Co-Exist Indefinitely)
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Paramecium aurelia 1 Paramecium caudatum 2 3 Testing Competitive Exclusion Principle
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Fig. 13.15 in Molles 2008 Paramecium Species: Grown Separately (Gause 1934) Testing Competitive Exclusion Principle
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Fig. 21-1 in Ricklefs and Miller 2000 Paramecium Species: Grown Together (Gause 1934) Testing Competitive Exclusion Principle
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Tribolium confusum Tribolium castaneum 4 5 Testing Competitive Exclusion Principle
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Fig. 13.16 in Molles 2008 Flour Beetle Species: Grown Separately (Park 1954) Testing Competitive Exclusion Principle
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Fig. 13-16 in Molles 2008 Flour Beetle Species Grown Together (Gause 1934) Interspecific Competition in Animals: Consequences
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Wide-Leaf Cattail (Typha latifolia) Narrow-Leaf Cattail (Typha angustifolia) CATTAIL COMPETITION
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Wide-Leaf Cattail (Typha latifolia) Narrow-Leaf Cattail (Typha angustifolia) Cattail Species Grown Together
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Wide-Leaf Cattail (Typha latifolia) Narrow-Leaf Cattail Removed
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Narrow-Leaf Cattail (Typha angustifolia) Wide-Leaf Cattail Removed
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Balanus 9 Chthamalus 10
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Zonation in Barnacle Communities
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Fig. 13.19 in Molles 2006 Balanus Removal: Middle Intertidal Zone Chthamalus Survivorship
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9 Dipodomys (Kangaroo Rat) 10 Perognathus (Pocket Mouse) Large Granivores Small Granivores Insectivores Onychomys DESERT RODENTS
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24 Study Plots: Chihuahuan Desert near Portal AZ
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Fig. 13.23 in Molles 2006 Experiment: Removal of Large Granivores (Heske et al. 1994)
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Geospiza fortis (Medium Ground-Finch) Darwin’s Finches Geospiza fuliginosa (Small Ground-Finch) 13 EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF COMPETITION
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Fig. 13.25 in Molles 2006 Allopatric versus Sympatric Populations G. fortis G. fuliginosa G. fortis, G. fuliginosa
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G. fortis G. fuliginosa G. fortis, G. fuliginosa CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT: BEAK DEPTH
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