1. Writing Your Research Paper

2. Using Sources Direct Quotations How many?
Do not just string quotes together
Integrate your notes into your own statements
How many?
Safe rule of thumb – unless the subject of your paper is an author’s style, quote no more than 10 percent

3. Documenting in the Social Sciences: APA Style
Similar to MLA – uses Parenthetical Citations
Works Cited (MLA) =
Reference Sheet (APA)

4. Parenthetical Citations
Author’s Name (comma) +
Date of Publication (comma)
Page Number(s)
Parentheses =
Parenthetical Documentation (APA)

5. Parenthetical Citations
When including the author’s name in the sentence
The date goes after the author’s name
The page number goes after the quote
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).

6. Parenthetical Citations
When placing the author’s name after the quote use this basic format
(author’s name, date, page numbers)
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style," (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

7. Parenthetical Citations
When citing multiple authors
Replace and with an ampersand (&) in a parenthetical citation
(Gardner & Smith, 1991)
Do not replace and if it is not a parenthetical citation
Gardner and Smith (1991) believe…

8. Parenthetical Citations
When citing works by three or more authors
use all authors’ names (followed by the date) for the 1st reference
but in the 2nd and subsequent references use the abbreviation et al. after the author’s name

9. Source
APA Citation
No Author
(Short Title, 2000) (“Short Article,” 2000)
1 Author
(Smith, 2000) (Smith, 2000, p.123)
2 Author
(Adams & Baca, 2000, pp )
3-5 Authors
(Adams, Baca, & Car, 2000)
Next Cite: (Adams et al., 2000)
6+ Authors
(Jones et al., 2001)
No Date
(Smith, n.d.)
Chapter
(Smith 2000, chap. 3)
Message
(A.B. Smith, personal communication, January 23, 2001)
Multiple
(Able, 2000; Baca, 1950; Car 1975)

10. List of References
Create your list of references on its own page after the last page of your text
Center the title “References” one inch from the top of the page
Double space
Alphabetize the list of references by the last name of the authors
If the work has no author or editor, alphabetize the work by the first word of the title (excluding A, An, or The).

11. Book with one author List of References
Carter. J (2005). Our endangered values. New York: Simon & Schuster.

12. Book with two or more authors
List of References
Book with two or more authors
Hick, S. P., & Donahue, J. G.

13. Anonymous or unknown author (common in newspapers):
List of References
Anonymous or unknown author (common in newspapers):
Caffeine linked to mental illness. (1991, July 13). New York Times, pp. B13, B15.

14. Web page List of References
Dewey, R. A. (2002). Psych Web by Russ Dewey. Retrieved January 25, 2003 from .psywww.com/

15. Newsletter/newspaper articles
List of References
Newsletter/newspaper articles
Brown, L. S. (1993, Spring). My research with oranges. The Psychology Department Newsletter, 3, 2.

16. Magazine article List of References
Gardner, H. (1991, December). Do babies sing a universal song? Psychology Today,

17. Footnotes
Do not use footnotes to cite your references, use Parenthetical Citations
Only use footnotes for explanatory (content) notes
Would be distracting or inappropriate to include in the body of the paper
The footnote should only express one idea.

18. Title Page
Includes
In the upper right-hand corner of each page, include a 1-2 word version of your title (running head). Follow with five spaces and then the page number.
title, byline, and affiliation vertically and horizontally centered

19. Plagiarism
“… use of facts, opinions, and language taken from another writer without acknowledgment.”
Changing a few words or phrases is not enough to make it your own
Quotation marks are necessary if using another writer’s language

20. Helpful Website The Owl at Purdue