1. The Federalist Period, 1789- 1800 “We are in a wilderness without a single footstep to guide us.”

2. I. Legitimizing the New Government Spring, 1789 - Constitution ratified - Washington elected - Govt. meets in NYC All “Federalist”, all the time

3. A. Elect a hero - 1789 1.George Washington, 1732-1799 2. Revolutionary unity 3. Cabinet; Supreme Court

4. B. Bill of Rights 1. Conclusion to a long struggle, 1215-1789 2. Constitution itself a shield of liberty

5. II. Making the Government Work

6. A. Political parties 1.No parties initially unnecessary & undesirable 2.1794, 1796 – parties necessary & desirable Why, do you ask?

7. 3. Parties tie government/public together branch to branch government to people people to government 4. Articulate conflicting demands of public rich v. poor urban v. rural region v. region

8. 5. Parties revolve around competing visions in Washington’s cabinet Federalists Republicans Hamilton, Adams Jefferson, Madison

9. B. The Federalist Vision John Adams Alexander Hamilton 1. Anglophiles: imitate, rival Great Britain manufacturing/commercial economy protect native industry pro-British trade agreements

10. 2. Popular in the northeast

11. 3. Hamilton’s Reports, 1790-91 Common sense measures become source of bitter partisanship a. Funding national debt - win support of creditors - people cheated out of bonds

12. b. assuming state debts - Southern states already paid off - favored New England c. national bank - over-extending constitutional authority?

13. d. Tax on distilled liquor - critical for cash-starved farmers

14. III. Federalism comes unhinged Foreign and domestic affairs collide

15. A. French Revolution, 1789 1.Liberty, equality, fraternity a. Revolutionary ideology & Federalism 2.Reign of Terror, 1793-94 a. strained Washington’s administration b. Washington criticized

16. B. American Jacobins 1. Democrat-Republican societies a. KY – Mississippi navigation b. PA, NC – no whiskey tax 2. Whiskey Rebellion, 1794

17. C. The Jay Treaty 1.Britain’s unneutrality - Little Turtle’s War (1790-94) - Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) 2. Anglophobia in Congress

18. 3. Jay Treaty, 1795 - Brits abandon NW forts (didn’t) - US pays debts (couldn’t) - Brits respect neutrality (wouldn’t) 4. Washington/Federalists take a spanking John Jay

19. IV. Adams Administration The proposition that the people are the best keepers of their own liberties is not true. They are the worst conceivable, they are no keepers at all; they can neither judge, act, think, or will, as a political body.

20. A. Election of 1796 1.Adams/Jefferson Administration - opposing factions / divided nation 2. Federalists control cabinet

21. B. X,Y,Z Affair, 1797 1.Bribe for French govt. - Ch. Tallyerand 2.U.S. united by insult - Dept. of Navy - standing army - “Quasi-war”

22. C. Adams/Hamilton overreach 1.Chance to ruin Republicans 2.1798, Alien Act / Naturalization Act - arbitrary power 3. 1798, Sedition Act - “contempt or disrepute”

23. D. Crisis foreshadowed 1.Adams Administration all Anti-Feds feared 2.Virginia, Kentucky Resolutions, 1798-99 - states had right to “nullify” feds

24. V. The Revolution of 1800 “We are all Republicans; we are all Federalists”

25. A. Jefferson wins 1.Democratic achievement - fear of civil war 2.Hamilton supports TJ

26. B. The Federalist Legacy 1.“Midnight appointments” - business-friendly judiciary 2.Jefferson’s 1 st Inaugural - conciliatory tone - borrows heavily from Hamilton’s plans