2. H ORTATORY / J USSIVE S UBJUNCTIVE STAGE 45

3. H ORTATORY / J USSIVE S UBJUNCTIVE  expresses an exhortation or command hos latrines interficiamus  let us kill these robbers servus id faciat  let the slave do it  the negative is expressed by ne, not by non! ne hos latrines interficiamus  let us not kill these robbers ne servus id faciat  let the slave not do it (don’t let the slave do it)

4. hortatory usually refers to the first person, while jussive usually refers to the second and third person. You should still use the imperative for second person commands. You can use the terms hortatory and jussive interchangeably for the most part and people will understand what you are talking about!

5. when the second person is used, it is only for an indefinite subject doceas iter et sacra ostia pandas  show us the way and lay open the sacred portals (Aen. VI 109)

6. the hortatory subjunctive is used to express a concession sit fur, at est bonus imperator  granted he is a thief, but he is a good general

7. the present is used for present time and the perfect is used for past time

8. In exempla Se explicent. Let them explain themselves. Hanc silvam exploremus. Let’s explore this forest.

9. In exempla Quis e periculo nos educat? Who should lead us from danger? Ne excedamus. Let’s not go away.

10. In exempla Pacem perpetuam efficias. You should achieve permanent peace.