1. Chapter 1

2. Human Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: the study of body structures and their relationships Static within a species Physiology: the study of the functions of body structures Dynamic within a species

3. Subdivisions Anatomy Physiology Gross anatomy Regional: area Systemic: organ systems Surface: internal structures through skin Microscopic anatomy Cytology: cells Histology: tissues Embryology: before birth Others Neurophysiology Pathophysiology Cardiovascular physiology Renal Physiology Others

4. Life is an Emergent Property Novelty with increased complexity Chemical level Atoms Molecules Organelles Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Listed in fig 1.3 Organismal level

5. Organ Systems ORGAN SYSTEMCOMPONENTSFUNCTIONS IntegumentarySkin, hair, nailsProtection SkeletalBonesSupport/movement NervousBrain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs Control and communication MuscularMusclesMovement EndocrineHormones and associated glandsHomeostasis CardiovascularHeart, blood vessels, bloodTransport of substances LymphaticLymph vessels and lymph nodesTransport, immunity RespiratoryNose, trachea, lungsTransport of gases DigestiveMouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines Energy acquisition and food processing UrinaryKidneys, ureters, bladder, urethraWater balance ReproductionGonadsPropogation

6. Life’s Essentials Maintain boundaries Move Respond to environment Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduce Grow

7. Survival Essentials Nutrients Fuel for the cells Oxygen Energy release is an oxidative process Water Facilitates reactions and excretions/secretions Normal body temperature Regulate metabolic reactions Atmospheric pressure Corresponds with gas exchange w/I cells Adequate amounts of above maintain a healthy state

8. Homeostasis Ability of the body to maintain equilibrium internally despite a continually changing world externally Dynamic state of equilibrium 3 components Receptor (afferent) Control center (set point) Effector (efferent) Illness & disease due to homeostatic imbalances Occurrences increase with age Disruptions in feedback

9. Feedback Negative Most homeostatic mechanisms Turn off or slow original stimuli Stabilizes Body temperature, heart and breathing rate, & blood glucose Positive Increases the original stimuli Oxytocin (labor) and blood clotting

11. Anatomical Position Standing tall with upper limbs at sides and face, palms and toes forward Reference position when describing body part locations Left and right is specimen’s Variations for bipeds and quadrupeds

12. Anatomical Regions

13. Anatomical Directions Superior/ inferior Cranial/caudal Ventral/ dorsal Anterior/ posterior Medial/ lateral Intermediate/ proximal/ distal Superficial/ deep External/ internal Supine/ prone Ipsilateral/ contralateral Study tip: pick two structures on self and describe as many ways as possible

14. Body Planes are Like Breads Sagittal section: divides the body longitudinally into left and right Midsagittal: equal parts Parasagittal: off midline e.g.: hotdog bun Frontal (coronal) section: divides anterior and posterior e.g.: loaf of bread Transverse (cross) section: divides superior and inferior Oblique section: diagonal cuts e.g.: hamburger bun or bagel

15. Body Cavities Dorsal Cranial: brain Vertebral: spinal cord Ventral Thoracic Left & right pleura Mediastinum (pericardial) Abdominopelvic No real separation Protection differences Diaphragm divides

16. Double-layer membrane surrounding serous fluid Reduces friction; lubricates Line walls and organs of ventral body cavities Parietal serosa lines walls Visceral serosa lines organs (viscera) Named for associated organs Never exposed to external environment Serous Membranes

17. Other Body Cavities Open to environment (generally)

18. Abdominopelvic Subdivisions Clinicians use; references to describe pain, tenderness, and injuries Quadrants (4) Regions (9) Anatomists use; references location and orientation of internal organs Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric Hypochondriac Lumbar Inguinal