1. The Respiratory System

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Nasal cavity Nostril Oral cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Left main (primary) bronchus Right main bronchus Right lung Left lung Diaphragm

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Nasal meatuses Nasopharynx Uvula Palatine tonsil Isthmus of the fauces Posterior nasal aperture Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Pharyngeal tonsil Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Vocal fold Esophagus Nasal conchae Nasal vestibule Nostril Nasal cavity Hard palate Soft palate Tongue Lingual tonsil Epiglottis Hyoid bone Larynx Thyroid cartilage Vestibular fold Cricoid cartilage Thyroid gland Trachea Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Pharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Body of hyoid bone Epiglottis Cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilages Thyroid cartilage Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) Cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament Anterior superficial view Thyrohyoid membrane

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis Vocal folds in open position; open glottis Base of tongue Epiglottis Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Glottis Inner lining of trachea Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Hyaline cartilage Submucosa Mucosa Seromucous gland in submucosa Posterior Lumen of trachea Anterior Esophagus Trachealis muscle Adventitia

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Trachea Superior lobe of right lung Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of right lung Superior lobe of left lung Primary bronchus Secondary bronchus Tertiary bronchus Inferior lobe of left lung

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Alveolar duct Alveoli Alveolar sac Respiratory bronchioles Terminal bronchiole

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Elastic fibers Diagrammatic view of capillary-alveoli relationships Smooth muscle Alveolus Capillaries Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Trachea Apex of lung Right superior lobe Horizontal fissure Right middle lobe Oblique fissure Right inferior lobe Heart Diaphragm Base of lung Left superior lobe Cardiac notch Oblique fissure Left inferior lobe Lung Pleural cavity Parietal pleura Rib Intercostal muscle Visceral pleura Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally

12. Inspiratory reserve volume 3100 ml Tidal volume 500 ml Spirographic record for a male Expiratory reserve volume 1200 ml Residual volume 1200 ml Functional residual capacity 2400 ml Inspiratory capacity 3600 ml Vital capacity 4800 ml Total lung capacity 6000 ml

14. Pons Ventral respiratory group (VRG) contains rhythm generators whose output drives respiration. Pontine respiratory centers interact with the medullary respiratory centers to smooth the respiratory pattern. Medulla To inspiratory muscles External intercostal muscles Diaphragm Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) integrates peripheral sensory input and modifies the rhythms generated by the VRG.