1. FERMENTATION PRODUCTS Antibiotics Beverages Enzymes Foods Organic acids Fats Solvents Bacterial insecticides Vitamins & growth factors Amino acids Steroids Miscellaneous

2. Antibiotics »Chloramphenicol »Erythromycin »Neomycin »Novobiocin »Penicillin »Streptomycins »Tetracyclines »Vancomycin

3. Steroids »Cortisone »Hydrocortisone »Prednisolone Enzymes »Amylase »Catalase »Cellulase »Invertase »Lipase »Proteases »Streptokinases Beverages »Wine, beer

4. Organic acids »Citric acid »Lactic acid »Gluconic acid »Fumaric acid »Itaconic acid Solvents »Acetic acid »Acetone »Butanol »Propanol

5. Polymers »Dextran »Derivative of hydroxybutyric acid Insecticides »spores of B.thuringiensis Miscellaneous »Sorbose (intermediate in ascorbic acid manufacture) »Fructose (a liquid sweetner) »Phenylacetyl carbinol (an intermediate in L-ephedrin synthesis)

6. Parameters measured/controlled in a bioreactor Physical Chemical Biological

7. Parameters Physical –Temperature –Pressure –Liquid level –Foam level –Agitator speed –Power consumption –Gas flow rate –Medium flow rate –Culture viscosity –Gas hold-up

8. Chemical –pH –Dissolved oxygen –Dissolved CO 2 –Exit gas composition –Broth composition (substrate, product, ion concentrations, etc., ) Parameters

9. Biological –Biomass concentration –Enzyme concentration –Biomass composition (such as DNA, RNA, proteins, ATP/ADP/AMP/NAD/NADH levels) –Viability –Morphology Parameters

10. Aerobic & Anaerobic Fermentations Obligate Aerobes – Without oxygen, can’t grow/survive – E.g. Fungi, algae and bacteria such as Acetobacter, Thiobacillus – Many of microbes used in industry are obligate aerobes – All moulds belong to this class (e.g. Citric acid production by Aspergillus niger)

11. Obligate Anaerobes Derive their energy for growth from reactions not involving oxygen Presence of Oxygen inhibits or is lethal. Clostridium acetobutylicum is used in the acetone butanol industrial process C.pasteurianum is an important nitrogen fixer in nature

12. Facultative microbes Capable of growth either in the presence or absence of Oxygen E.g. Yeast, S.cerevisiae, used in the production of ethanol