1. MUTATIONS!

2. Is this what we mean?

3. “Frog mutations are not typically very cute, and they’re often correlated quite directly to pollution. While frogs don’t seem to mind having a few extra limbs here or there, it’s more disturbing when one knows the source of their discomfort and strange formation.” Source: http://webecoist.com/2010/09/2 3/yellow-lobsters-winged-cats- hulking-whippets-and-more/ http://webecoist.com/2010/09/2 3/yellow-lobsters-winged-cats- hulking-whippets-and-more/

4. Is this what we mean? “This large whippet is named Wendy and she has something called “double muscling”, causing her to have much higher muscle mass than her lithe counterparts. Included in these photos are a few typical whippets to use as comparison. Wendy is friendly and by all accounts, happy, but if there’s ever a hulk television show starring dogs… we know who to cast.” Source: http://webecoist.com/2010/09/23/yello w-lobsters-winged-cats-hulking- whippets-and-more/ http://webecoist.com/2010/09/23/yello w-lobsters-winged-cats-hulking- whippets-and-more/

5. Is this what we mean? Skin Pigmentation in Humans This first video clip answers the question of why humans evolved different skin pigments: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1b_li5oxNU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1b_li5oxNU

6. We mean it all! (Well, except the X-Men part) So, are mutations good, bad, neutral, or all of these?

7. Mutations! Mutation: A natural process that changes a DNA sequence. Can be good, bad, or neutral. Rare all-black penguin mutation.

8. Mutations! Mutations make every individual unique. They account for all the variation we see in human hair color, skin color, height, shape, and behavior.

9. OBSERVATION #5: Individuals with advantageous variations have a better chance of surviving than those with less advantageous variations. OBSERVATION #6 Survival allows reproduction

10. When the surviving wormeaters reproduce what kind of beaks will their offspring most likely have? OBSERVATION #7: Many variations are inherited (in other words, offspring tend to resemble their parents).

11. What do you predict would happen to the # of individuals with the advantageous variation in the next generation? INFERENCE #2: The # of individuals with advantageous variations will increase in each new generation. The # with disadvantageous traits will decrease. disadvantageous What about the # of individuals with the disadvantageous variations?

12. Point Mutations Point Mutation: The substitution of a single nucleotide. Three kinds: 1. 1.Point missense – causes one amino acid to change (can be good or bad; leads to variation) Sickle Cell Anemia is caused by a point missense mutation.

13. Point Mutations 2. 2.Point nonsense – inserts a premature stop (usually bad)

14. Silent Mutations 3. 3.Silent mutation – the DNA has a substitution mutation, but still codes for the same amino acid as “normal” DNA. In other words, the protein looks like no mutation is present, but the DNA tells otherwise.

16. Frameshift Mutation: Addition or deletion of a single nucleotide causes the codons to be incorrectly grouped. If this occurs near the beginning of a gene, it prevents many codons from coding for the proper amino acids.

17. Example of a point mutation… Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Point Mutation:The fat rat ate the wee rat. Example of a frameshift mutation… Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Frameshift:The fat caa tet hew eer at. (the “t” was deleted completely) (the “t” was deleted completely)

19. Other drivers of mutation Radiation, chemicals, and UV radiation from the sun can damage thousands of nucleotides every day. Our DNA can reverse mutations most of the time.

20. DNA Repair Only when DNA changes are in egg and sperm cells are they passed on to the next generation. Without mutation there would be no variation, and without variation there would be no evolution.