1. Cardiorespiratory Fitness Training
Chapter 8
Cardiorespiratory Fitness Training

2. Purpose
To provide the fitness professional with fundamental concepts regarding cardiorespiratory training
To allow the fitness professional to select and administer the appropriate cardiorespiratory protocol for all clients

3. Objectives After this presentation, the participant will be able to:
Define and describe the components associated with cardiorespiratory training.
Describe how various physiological systems respond and adapt to cardiorespiratory training.
Describe the health-related benefits associated with cardiorespiratory fitness.
Describe current guidelines and recommendations for prescribing safe and effective cardiorespiratory exercise to apparently healthy individuals.
Perform and instruct appropriate cardiorespiratory techniques.

4. Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Reflects the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen-rich blood to skeletal muscles during sustained physical activity
Cardiorespiratory fitness is vitally important to health and wellness as well as to the ability to engage in normal activities of daily living

5. Scientific Rationale
Integrated cardiorespiratory training is a way of planning training programs that systematically progress clients through various stages to achieve optimal levels of physiologic, physical, and performance adaptations by placing stress on the cardiorespiratory system.
Benefits are numerous, health benefits can be gained from moderate intensity exercise.
Lack of cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with mortality.

6. Cardiorespiratory Fitness Training
Each exercise training session should also include the following phases:
Warm-up phase
Conditioning phase
Cool-down phase

7. Warm-Up Prepares the body for physical activity General Specific
Movements that do not necessarily have any movement specific to the actual activity to be performed
Specific
Movements that more closely mimic those of the actual activity

8. Warm-Up Benefits Increases heart and respiratory rate
Increases tissue temperature
Prepares client psychologically for exercise

9. Warm-Up: Practical Application
Cardiorespiratory portion of a warm-up should last 5–10 minutes at a low-to-moderate intensity.

10. Warm-Up: Stabilization Level

11. Warm-Up: Strength Level

12. Warm-Up: Power Level

13. Conditioning Phase
Cardiorespiratory fitness is engaged in for a variety of purposes and improves many aspects of health; some benefits include:
Stronger and more efficient heart
Improved ability to pump blood (enhanced cardiac output)
Reduced risk of heart disease
Lower resting heart rate
Lower heart rate at any given level of work

14. Cool-Down
Provides the body with a smooth transition from exercise back to a steady state of rest.
Benefits
Possible improved flexibility
Removal of waste by-products via the blood
Minimize muscle soreness
Allow cardiorespiratory system to respond to lower demand
Avoid dizziness or possible fainting
Provide an emotional balance after exercise stress

15. Cool-Down: Practical Application
For an individual performing cardiorespiratory exercise for an extended period of time:
Decrease the intensity of the exercise and work at this lowered intensity for 5–10 minutes.
Flexibility is also an important component in the cool-down for relaxation purposes and to restore muscles back to original resting lengths.
Corrective stretching (self-myofascial release and static stretching)

16. Workout
Most people who perform cardiorespiratory exercise are looking for improvements in their health or fitness levels.
Cardiorespiratory activities or exercise have a profound effect on the overall physical and mental health of a participant.

17. Workout Benefits of Cardiorespiratory Activities or Exercise Decreases
Daily fatigue
Anxiety
Depression
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Hypertension
Non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Cancer
Osteoporosis
Obesity

18. General Guidelines

19. General Guidelines
Any form of training must have certain guidelines to allow for the development of a proper program
FITTE factors
Frequency
Intensity
Time
Type
Enjoyment

20. General Guidelines Frequency Intensity
The number of training sessions or activity sessions for a given time frame
Intensity
The level of demand the activity places on the body

21. General Guidelines Time Type Enjoyment
The length of time engaged in the activity
Type
The mode or activity used
Virtually any activity
Enjoyment
The amount of pleasure derived from the activity

22. Methods for Prescribing Intensity
There are several methods for prescribing intensity which include:
Peak VO2 Method
VO2 Reserve Method
Peak Metabolic Equivalent (MET) Method
Peak Maximal Heart Rate (MHR) Method
HR Reserve (HRR) Method
Ratings of Perceived Exertion Method
Talk Test Method

23. Methods for Prescribing Exercise Intensity

24. General Guidelines

25. The Borg Scale

26. Training Modalities Stage Training Three-stage programming system
Uses different heart rate training zones
Stages mimic the three stages of training seen in the OPT™ model.

27. Stage Training Stage I Target HR of 65–75% HRmax or 12–13 of RPE
Should be able to hold a conversation during exercise

28. Stage II
For the intermediate client who has built a good cardiorespiratory base and will use heart rate zones one and two (65–85%)
Focus is on increasing the workload (speed, incline, level) in a way that will help the client alter heart rate in and out of each zone.
Helps increase the cardiorespiratory capacity needed for the workout styles in the strength level of the OPT™ model
Important to alternate days of the week with stage I training; this means alternating sessions every workout.

29. Stage II Stage II is the introduction to interval training.
Start by warming up in zone one (65–75%) for 5–10 minutes.
Move into a 1-minute interval in zone two (76–85%). Gradually increase the workload to raise the heart rate up to the zone two within that minute. Once the heart rate reaches 76–85% of maximum heart rate, maintain it for the rest of that minute.
After the 1-minute interval, return to zone one
Repeat this if the client has time and can recover back into the zone one range.
The most important part of the interval is to recover back to zone one in between the intervals.

30. Stage III
For the advanced client who has built a very good cardiorespiratory base and will use heart rate zones one, two, and three
Focus is on further increasing the workload (speed, incline, level) in a way that will help the client alter heart rate in and out of all three zones.
Increases the capacity of the energy systems needed at the power level of the OPT™ model

31. Stage III Warm up in zone one for 5 to 10 minutes.
Then, increase the workload every 60 seconds until reaching zone three (86–95%). This will require a slow climb through zone two for at least 2 minutes.
After pushing for another minute in zone three, decrease the workload to zone two for 1 minute.
If the heart rate does drop to a normal rate, overload the body again and go to zone three for 1 minute.
After this minute, go back to zone one for 5–10 minutes before starting over.
Repeat.

32. The Importance of Stage Training
Simply increasing the intensity for the same type of training will not produce consistent increases in fitness levels and weight control, as the body will soon adapt.
By increasing a client’s intensity through the three heart rate zones seen in stage III training, the client can take greater advantage of EPOC and help ensure greater results.

33. Circuit Training
Performing resistance training exercises one after the other, with minimal rest
Allows for comparable fitness results without spending extended time to achieve them

34. Circuit Training
Sample Programs

35. Circuit Training
Is just as beneficial as traditional forms of cardiorespiratory exercise for improving or contributing to improve fitness levels
Produces greater levels of postexercise energy expenditure (or EPOC) and strength
Produces near-identical caloric expenditure for the same given time span, when compared with walking at a fast pace

36. Circuit Training
Can also incorporate traditional cardiorespiratory exercise into the routine
Sample Programs
Beginner client (stabilization Level)
5–10 minutes Flexibility (self-myofascial release and static stretching)
5–10 minutes Stage I cardiorespiratory training
15–20 minutes Circuit weight training

37. Practical Application
Intermediate Client (Strength Level)
5–10 minutes Warm-up: flexibility (self- myofascial release and active- isolated stretching)
5–10 minutes Stage II cardiorespiratory training
15–20 minutes Circuit weight training
5–10 minutes Cool-down: flexibility (self- myofascial release and static stretching)

38. Practical Application
Advanced Client (Power Level)
5–10 minutes Flexibility (self-myofascial release and dynamic stretching)
5–10 minutes Stage III cardiorespiratory training
15–20 minutes Circuit weight training
5–10 minutes Stage II cardiorespiratory training
5–10 minutes Flexibility (self-myofascial release and static stretching)

39. Summary
Different cardiorespiratory training programs place different demands on the bioenergetic continuum and ultimately affect a client’s adaptations and goals.
Stage training is a three-stage programming system that uses different heart rate training zones.
Circuit training programs consist of a series of resistance training exercises performed one after the other with minimal rest, providing comparable fitness results in a shorter time.
Because movement is involved, it is vital to monitor kinetic chain checkpoints (posture) with clients who are performing cardiorespiratory activity.