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Chapter Twenty-Two The Contemporary Contour
Culture and Values Cunningham and Reich and Fichner-Rathus, 8th Ed.
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United States drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945
1945 CE United States drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 World War II ends in Europe and Japan in 1945 United Nations General Assembly meets for first time in 1946 The transistor is invented in 1947 Israel becomes an independent state in 1948 Mao Zedong becomes leader of Communist China in 1949 1950 CE Korean War begins in 1950 United States explodes first hydrogen bomb in 1952 Korean War ends with a truce in 1953 School segregation is outlawed by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1954 U.S. civil-rights movement begins in the South Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, is launched by the Soviet Union in 1957 1960 CE East Germany erects the Berlin Wall in 1961 Soviet Union launches first human into space in 1961 An American orbits the earth in space in 1962 A TV signal crosses the Atlantic via a satellite in 1962 U.S. president John F. Kennedy is assassinated in 1963 United States builds up troops in Vietnam in 1964 National Organization for Women is founded in 1966 Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert Kennedy are assassinated in 1968 A U.S. astronaut takes the first walk on the moon in 1969
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1970 CE Supreme Court decision in Miller v. California effectively ends censorship in 1973 United States withdraws from Vietnam in 1975 Microsoft is established in 1975 Apple Computer is established in 1976 1981 Space shuttle first flies Communist governments of Eastern Europe fall beginning in 1989 1990 CE East and West Germany reunite in 1990 Soviet Union is dissolved in 1991 Google is incorporated in 1998 Terrorists attack World Trade Center and Pentagon in 2001 United States invades Afghanistan in 2001 United States invades Iraq in 2003 Facebook is launched in 2004 United States withdraws from Iraq in 2011
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Toward a Global Culture
Artistic satire of modern warfare Heller, Pynchon, Kubrick Global economy, New World Order Economic, social inequities Search for individual, social meaning Social, political oppression Artist as voice of protest, hope
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Existentialism Kierkegaard (1813-1855) Sartre (1905-1980)
Autonomous individual, self-examination Who am I? What am I doing here? Where am I going? Sartre ( ) Implications of atheism Individual place, freedom, ethics
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Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855)—Danish
Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821–1881)—Russian Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)—German Miguel de Unamuno (1864–1936)—Spanish Nicholas Berdyaev (1874–1948)—Russian Rainer Maria Rilke (1875–1926)—Czech/German Martin Buber (1878–1965)—Austrian/Israeli Jacques Maritain (1882–1973)—French Karl Jaspers (1883–1969)—German Franz Kafka (1883–1924)—Czech/German José Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955)—Spanish Martin Heidegger (1889–1976)—German Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980)—French Albert Camus (1913–1960)—French
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Existentialism Thought + Action Multi-media expression
Emphasis on anxiety, alienation Existentialist theater, fiction Beat poets as existentialists Camus’ absurdity of the world
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Alberto Giacometti, Man Pointing, 1947
Alberto Giacometti, Man Pointing, Bronze, 70 ½″ × 40 ¾″ × 16 ⅜″ (179 × × 41.5cm). Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York.
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Postmodern 1960s+ A reaction to and continuation of modernism
a Rejection of any rational order Abandons traditional literary forms, often combining different genres & styles; an explosion of movements Nihilism: no reason for values or morality, or rejection of values: believes in nothing, cynical, randomness of existence Playfulness, parody, & irony
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Women: Susan Glaspell, Charlotte Gilman Perkins
African American:James Baldwin, Toni Cade Bambara, James McPherson, Ralph Ellison Native American: Zitkala-Sa, Mourning Dove John Cheever, Joyce Carol Oates, John Updike Jewish American: Saul Bellow, Philip Roth, Bernard Malamud Metafiction: representations of fiction, storytelling, or art in general. Magical Fiction—use of metaphysical devices: John Barth, Donald Barthelme, and Robert Coover
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Visual Arts Abstract Expressionism
Devoid of recognizable content Subjective aesthetic experience Line, color, shape New York School: The First Generation Jackson Pollock ( ) Radical break from tradition “all over” composition Action painting
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Barnett Newman wrote: "We felt the moral crisis of a world in shambles, a world destroyed by a great depression and a fierce World War, and it was impossible at that time to paint the kind of paintings that we were doing—flowers, reclining nudes, and people playing the cello."* Adolph Gottlieb, writing with Rothko and Newman in 1943, explained, “We favor the simple expression of the complex thought.”**
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Japanese Girl Hans Hofmann 35½ x 43½" Casein and Oil on Plywood 1935
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Oil, gouache, and plaster on canvas
Jackson Pollock (American, 1912–1956) The She-Wolf 1943 Oil, gouache, and plaster on canvas 41 7/8 x 67"
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The Leaf of the Artichoke Is an Owl
Arshile Gorky The Leaf of the Artichoke Is an Owl 1944 Oil on canvas 28 x 35 7/8"
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Clyfford Still (American, 1904–1980) 1944-N No. 2 1944 Oil on canvas 8' 8 1/4" x 7' 3 1/4"
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Ecstasy Hans Hofmann 60 x 68" Oil on Canvas 1947 University of California,
Berkeley Art Museum
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William Baziotes (American 1912–1963) Dwarf 1947 Oil on canvas 42 x 36 1/8"
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(American, born Russia (now Latvia). 1903–1970)
Mark Rothko (American, born Russia (now Latvia). 1903–1970) No. 1 (Untitled) 1948 Medium Oil on canvas 8' 10 3/8" x 9' 9 1/4"
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Barnett Newman (American, 1905–1970) Abraham 1949 Oil on canvas 6' 10 3/4" x 34 1/2"
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American, born the Netherlands. 1904–1997 Painting 1948
Willem de Kooning American, born the Netherlands. 1904–1997 Painting 1948 Enamel and oil on canvas 42 5/8 x 56 1/8"
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Adolph Gottlieb (American, 1903–1974)
Man Looking at Woman 1949 Oil on canvas 42 x 54" (106.6 x cm)
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22.7 Mark Rothko, Magenta, Black, Green on Orange (No. 3/No. 13), 1949
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22.4 Jackson Pollock, One, Number 31, 1950.
Pollock would say, “Any attempt on my part to say something about it … could only destroy it.”
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Mark Rothko, Slow Swirl at the Edge of the Sea, 1944, oil on canvas, 191.4 x 215.2 cm
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Franz Kline (American, 1910–1962)
Chief 1950 Oil on canvas 58 3/8" x 6' 1 1/2"
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Barnett Newman (American, 1905–1970)
Vir Heroicus Sublimis Oil on canvas 7' 11 3/8" x 17' 9 1/4" (242.2 x cm)
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Willem de Kooning, Woman I, oil on canvas,
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Visual Arts Abstract Expressionism
The New York School: The First Generation Lee Krasner Easter Lilies (1956) Willem de Kooning Paintings of women Mark Rothco Enormous canvases
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22.5 Lee Krasner, Easter Liliesm 1956
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Adolph Gottlieb Blast, I 1957 Oil on canvas 7' 6" x 45 1/8"
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(American, born Germany. 1880–1966)
Hans Hofmann (American, born Germany. 1880–1966) Cathedral 1959 Oil on canvas 6' 2" x 48"
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The Golden Wall Hans Hofmann 59½ x 71½" Oil on Canvas 1961 The Art Institute of Chicago
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Franz Kline (American, 1910–1962)
Le Gros 1961 Oil on canvas 41 3/8 x 52 5/8"
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David Smith (American, 1906–1965) Cubi X 1963 Stainless steel 10' 1 3/8" x 6' 6 3/4" x 24"
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Robert Motherwell (American, 1915–1991)
Elegy to the Spanish Republic, 108 Oil on canvas 6' 10" x 11' 6 1/4"
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Visual Arts The New York School: The Second Generation Minimal Art
Joan Mitchell Most important woman to work in the gestural idiom of abstract expressionism Helen Frankenthaler Color-field painter Minimal Art Ascetic use of line, color Frank Stella Donald Judd
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22.8 Joan Mitchell, Untitled, 1957
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22.9 Helen Frankenthaler, The Bay, 1963
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22.10 Frank Stella, Mas o menos (More or Less), 1964
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Visual Arts Conceptual Art Joseph Kosuth Barbara Kruger
“What you see is what you see” Barbara Kruger Prioritizes the idea of the work over the object
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22.12 Joseph Kosuth, One and Three Chairs, 1965
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Barbara Kruger, Untitled (“Money makes money and a rich man’s jokes are always funny”) and Untitled (“You want it You need it You buy it You forget it”), 2010
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Visual Arts Site-Specific Art Robert Smithson Maya Ying Lin
Land art—within natural surroundings Maya Ying Lin The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Christo and Jeanne-Claude Financed by the artists
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22.14 Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty, 1970
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22.15 Maya Ying Lin, Vietnam Veterans Memorial, 1982
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Visual Arts Pop Art Robert Rauschenberg Jasper Johns Andy Warhol
Universal images of popular culture Robert Rauschenberg Combine paintings Jasper Johns Andy Warhol Claes Oldenburg
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22.21 Jasper Johns, Three Flags, 1958.
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22.22 Andy Warhol, Green Coca-Cola Bottles, 1962
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Art, Identity, and Social Consciousness
Visual Arts Superrealism New to the eye but doing something very old Audrey Flack Art, Identity, and Social Consciousness Judy Chicago and Miriam Shapiro Cindy Sherman Guerrilla Girls
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Guerrilla Girls, 1989
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Visual Arts Art, Identity, and Social Consciousness
Robert Mapplethorpe Romare Bearden Synthesis of cubism and abstract expressionism African-American experience Faith Ringgold Anselm Kiefer Shirin Neshat
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22.28 Robert Mapplethorpe, Ken Moody and Robert Sherman, 1984
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22.30 Faith Ringgold, Tar Beach, 1988
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22.32 Shirin Neshat, Allegiance with Wakefulness 1994
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Contemporary Sculpture
Continuity + Experimentation New materials, technical skills David Smith ( ) Alexander Calder ( ) Assemblage Disparate materialsOrganic wholes Nevelson, Antoni, Whiteread
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David Smith, Cubi XIX, 1964 22.33 David Smith, Cubi XIX, Stainless steel, 112 3⁄4˝ x 581⁄4˝ x 40˝ (286.4 x 148 x cm). Tate Gallery, London, UK//Art © Estate of David Smith/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY//Digital Image © Tate, London/Art Resource, NY
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22.34 Alexander Calder, The Star, 1960.
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22.35 Louise Nevelson, Royal Tide IV, 1960
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Architecture Louis Sullivan (1856-1924) Frank Lloyd Wright (1869-1959)
“Form follows function” Frank Lloyd Wright ( ) Function is accomplished through form Organic architecture Flow of space vs. obstruction of space Guggenheim Museum ( )
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22.38 Frank Lloyd Wright, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 1957-1959
22.38 Frank Lloyd Wright, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 1957–1959. Reinforced concrete, diameter at ground level c. 100´ (30.48 m), at roof level 128´ (39 m), height of dome 92˝ (28 m). © 2009 Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, Scottsdale, AZ/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York//Digital Image © Timothy McCarthy/Art Resource, NY
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Architecture Counterpoint to nature Le Corbusier
New brutalism Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson Seagram Building
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22.39 Le Corbusier, Chapel of Notre-Dame-du-Haut, 1950-1954
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22.40 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson, Seagram Building, 1958
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Architecture Postmodernism Classical motifs, Bauhaus severity
Humana Building Georges Pompidou National Center for Arts and Culture Deconstructivist Architecture Frank Gehry Santiago Calatrava
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22.42 Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers, Georges Pompidou National Center for Arts and Culture, 1977 ,
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22.43 Frank Gehry, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, 1997
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22.45 Santiago Calatrava, World Trade Center Transportation Hub, scheduled to open in 2015
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Visual Arts Video Bill Viola Pipilotti Rist Matthew Barney
Video and sound installation Pipilotti Rist Video-performance artist Matthew Barney CREMASTER series
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Some Trends in Contemporary Literature
Human search for meaning Samuel Beckett Experiences of the war Elie Weisel American Literature Literature of social, political protest John Updike Edward Albee
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Some Trends in Contemporary Literature
African American Literature Maya Angelou Feminist Perspectives Sylvia Plath Anne Sexton
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Music Structuralism Aleatoric Music, “sound events”
Precise organization, control Devoid of subjective emotional expression Electronic music, synthesizers Aleatoric Music, “sound events” John Cage ( )
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Music The New Minimalists
Reich’s The Desert Music (1983) Repetitions of simple chords, rhythms State of heightened concentration Philip Glass (b. 1937) Influenced by non-Western music Repeating modules Operas as “happenings”
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Music Traditional Approaches to Modern Music
Innovative approach to symphony Dimitri Shostakovich ( ) Political commentary, nature of death Traditional symphony orchestra Benjamin Britten ( ) Violence of contemporary life Opera genre Inspired by earlier masterpieces
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Modern Approaches to Traditional Music Genres
John Adams Nixon in China Rock Opera Tommy Jesus Christ Superstar Musicals Phantom of the Opera
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Modern Approaches to Traditional Music Genres
Musicals and Social Consciousness South Pacific West Side Story Hair Popular Music Rock and Roll Rock Music Hip-hop and Rap Pop music and the music video
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Chapter Twenty-Two: Discussion Questions
With contemporary art in its various forms, to what extent is the media the message? What does the composition of the art itself contribute to the artist’s theme, message, or primary emotion? Explain, citing specific examples. The evolution of Western artistic traditions reveals subtle changes in the ways in which the role of the artist is perceived. What is the role of the 21st century artists? How is this role different than/similar to artists from other historical epochs? Explain. As an individual living in the 21st century, what artistic form, genre most appeals to you? Why? Do you prefer to view art as a reflection of your personal values (subjectively), or is your attraction to art one of an objective nature? Explain, citing specific examples when appropriate.
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