1. Biological Beginnings I. The Interaction of Genetics and Context II. Heredity/Reproduction III. Detection of Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities IV. Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities

2. I. Interaction of Genetics and Context  Heredity vs. environment  Interactive model

3. II.Reproduction/Heredity A. When do people have children? B. Reproduction A.Egg, sperm, gametes, zygote B.Newborn girl=400,000 ova C.Ejaculation=500 million sperm mature male=100 million/day for fertilization=at least 20 million

4. Issues of Reproduction  In vitro fertilization  Twins (dizygotic vs. monozygotic)

5. III. Detecting Abnormalities 1. Amniocentesis (15-17 weeks) 2. Ultrasound Sonography (anytime) 3. Chorionic Villus Test (CVS-8-11 weeks) 4. Maternal Blood Test -14-20 weeks Alpha Feta Protein (AFP) 5. Fetoscopy 6. Radiography 7. Preimplantation Diagnosis

6. IV. Possible Genetic/Chromosomal Abnormalities A. Genetic Abnormalities 1.PKU (phenylketonuria) phenylalanine 2.Inbreeding 3.Huntington’s Disease 4.Sickle Cell 5.Tay-sachs Disease 6.Muscular Dystrophy

7. More abnormalities 7. Neural Tube Defects spina bifida, ancephaly 8. Diabetes Mellitus 9. Genetic Links to other problems

8. B.Chromosomal Disorders 1. Down syndrome 1/700 2. Klinefelter’s (xxy)-1/1000 3. Turner’s (xo) 1/2500 females 4. XYY males 1/1000 5. Fragile X 1/2000 boys, 1/4000 girls 6. Other sex-linked disorders