1. INDIVIDUAL APPROACHES TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROMOTION Week 4

2. What you need to know Meaning of self-efficacy Individual approaches to promoting physical activity –Theoretical models (Stages of Change) –Print and web-based media –Counselling

3. Self-Efficacy Feelings of self-value or self-worth Eg: C__________ in your ability to engage in healthy behaviours across a range of challenging situations Self-efficacy increases as you move through the stages of change Active people generally = _______ self-efficacy

4. Promoting Physical Activity Two main categories of physical activity promotion –Individual approaches Strategies to achieve individual ___________ change Most research has focused on changing individual behaviours Eg: theoretical models of individual behaviour change, print and web-based approaches, counselling –Population approaches Strategies to achieve changes in _____ populations Came about due to Ottawa Charter in 1986 –Important to target large groups of people for health benefits Eg: policy, environmental, mass media

5. Individual v. Population Approaches Individual –Theoretical models (eg: Stages of Change) –Print and web- based media –Counselling Population –Policy strategies –Environmental strategies –Mass media Let’s focus on individual approaches to physical activity promotion…

6. Individual Approaches to Physical Activity Promotion Many health professionals, health educators, medical practitioners and psychologists focus on changing individuals’ behaviours –Eg: Three main approaches –Stages of Change theory –Print and web-based media –Counselling

7. Stages of Change Model Describes fundamental processes that an individual goes through to ________ their health behaviours Provides a framework that classifies motivational readiness for behaviour change Six stages 1.Precontemplation 2.Contemplation 3.Preparation 4.Action 5.Maintenance 6.Termination Also known as transtheoretical model

8. Stage 1: Precontemplation Not ready for change! Not considering __________ their __________ Have no intention of being more active within the next _____ months Possible Signs –Not aware their lack of activity is a ________ –_______ information and opportunities that could help them start thinking about being more active –Family and friends are the people to point out lack of activity and pressure them to start

9. Stage 2: Contemplation Thinking about change Individuals ______________ that they need to become more active Physical activity is considered Weigh-up pros and cons –Eg: Intention is to become active, but many people remain in this stage for long periods of time

10. Stage 3: Preparation Preparing for action People appear to be _______ and __________ for activity A plan is often developed Possible signs –Writing down goals –Small amounts of activity, but may not be meeting NPAG

11. Stage 4: Action Carrying out the plan Implementing the _______ Large amount of effort, time and energy required Important to focus on goals Relapse is common

12. Stage 5: Maintenance Maintaining a good thing! Person is __________ active as part of their lifestyle Has been meeting NPAG for at least _____ months Continually strives to overcome barriers to avoid moving back to other stages Setting new _______ is important

13. Stage 6: Termination Maintaining regular activity for more than 5 years Person has been regularly active for over _____ years It is a part of their everyday lifestyle Setting new goals and rewarding yourself are important Very few people reach this stage

14. Relapse Moving back to another stage is common problem Relapse is not failure and occurs most often between stage 2 and 4 People that reach maintenance generally only relapse to the preparation stage

15. Print and Web-Based Media Print materials Booklets, brochures, handouts –Available from: Community-based recreational centres Health care providers Schools and workplaces –Advantages: –Disadvantages: Web-based media Internet, email –Advantages: –Disadvantages:

16. Counselling Health professional counselling Doctors, personal trainers, physiotherapist, etc –Very effective Written advice, activity calendars, exercises, DVDs –Advantages: –Disadvantages: Telephone counselling and automated telephone-delivered advice –Follow-up from visit or on its own –Recorded messages and use of key pad to enter information –Advantages: –Disadvantages:

17. Strategies used in Counselling (using the Stages of Change model) Nelson notes (p.43-49) Coursework 2.1