1. Stephen Fuller Austin, 19th- century American frontiersman and founder of Texas settlements. Engraving. NEXT Westward expansion has political, economic, and social effects on the development of the United States. Manifest Destiny, 1810–1853

2. NEXT SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 Trails West The Texas Revolution The War with Mexico The California Gold Rush Manifest Destiny, 1810–1853

3. NEXT Section 1 Trails West Thousands of settlers follow trails through the West to gain land and a chance to make a fortune.

4. Mountain Men and the Rendezvous NEXT 1 SECTION Trails West Mountain men like Jim Beckwourth become famous as rugged loners William Henry Ashley creates trading method called rendezvous system Mountain men trap small animals between the Mississippi, Pacific Ocean Mountain men trade furs for supplies at prearranged site Rendezvous occurs every summer from 1825- 1840, then fur trade dies out

5. Mountain Men Open the West NEXT 1 SECTION Mountain men explore West while searching for beaver Jedediah Smith finds South Pass, later used by pioneers as wagon trail Provide knowledge of West, helps later pioneers move west

6. The Lure of the West NEXT 1 SECTION Many use West to make money, take land from Native Americans If value goes up, speculators divide land into smaller sections Land speculators buy huge areas of land, hope value will increase Manufacturers, merchants soon follow the settlers west Make great profits selling sections to thousands of settlers Hope to earn money, making, selling items farmers need

7. The Trail to Santa Fe NEXT 1 SECTION Mexico gains independence (1821), opens borders to American traders Makes profit trading, news spreads, traders can get rich in New Mexico William Becknell goes to Santa Fe, New Mexico, opens Santa Fe Trail Becknell makes another trip to Santa Fe, uses a shortcut Soon hundreds of traders use same route from Missouri to New Mexico Image

8. Oregon Fever NEXT 1 SECTION Hundreds of settlers begin migrating west on the Oregon Trail U.S., Britain argue over ownership of Oregon First whites to cross to Oregon are missionaries Missionaries report about Oregon’s rich land, attract many settlers In 1843, nearly 1,000 people travel from Missouri to Oregon

9. One Family Heads West NEXT 1 SECTION In 1844, Henry Sager, wife, 6 children leave Missouri for Oregon Wagon train sets up rules, elects leaders to enforce them Join wagon train, survival depends on cooperation Life on the trail has hardships, Sager, wife die, orphans adopted Image

10. The Mormon Trail NEXT 1 SECTION Mormons—members of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Mob kills Mormon leader Joseph Smith, Mormons decide to leave U.S. Many people do not like Mormons because: -practice of polygamy -object to their holding of property in common Next leader, Brigham Young, leads 1,600 Mormons to Utah (1847) Build settlement by the Great Salt Lake Image

11. NEXT Section 2 The Texas Revolution American and Tejano citizens lead Texas to independence from Mexico.

12. Spanish Texas NEXT 2 SECTION Spanish land called Tejas borders the U.S. territory, Louisiana Tejanos—people of Spanish heritage who consider Texas their home Rich land, home to Plain, Pueblo Native Americans, few Spanish Comanche, Apache fight against Spanish settlement of Texas Spanish officials fail to attract Spanish settlers The Texas Revolution Give permission for American Moses Austin to start colony in Texas

13. Mexican Independence Changes Texas NEXT 2 SECTION Mexico gains independence from Spain (1821) New settlers must become Mexican citizens, members of Catholic Church Austin’s son, Stephen Austin, gets another land grant Makes Spanish land grant to Moses Austin worthless 297 American families move to Texas, known as the “Old Three Hundred” Colony attracts more Americans, outnumber Tejanos 6 to 1 (1830)

14. Rising Tensions in Texas NEXT 2 SECTION Americans resent following Mexican laws Mexican government afraid tensions could lead to revolt Tejanos think Americans view themselves as superior Mexico outlaws slavery, allows slave owners in Texas to keep slaves Closes Texas to further immigration, requires Texans to pay taxes Sends more troops to enforce the new laws

15. Texans Revolt Against Mexico NEXT 2 SECTION Some Texans want to break from Mexico, Stephen Austin loyal to Mexico Santa Anna, afraid that Austin supports rebellion, jails him for year Mexican president, General Antonio López de Santa Anna meets Austin Goes to Mexico City with a petition listing reforms (1833) Santa Anna and 6,000 troops head for Mexico Texans furious, drive Mexican troops out of old mission, the Alamo Image

16. The Fight for the Alamo NEXT 2 SECTION Texans declare Texas a free and independent state (1836) William Travis heads 183 Texan volunteers at the Alamo, includes: -Davy Crockett -Jim Bowie -Juan Seguín, leader of 25 Tejanos Sam Houston placed in command of small Texan army Image Continued...

17. NEXT 2 SECTION Santa Anna’s troops attack Alamo, Texans hold off attack for 12 days A few women, children survive, tell story of Alamo, shock other Texans Mexicans kill 183 Texan defenders, win the Battle of the Alamo Continued The Fight for the Alamo Map

18. Victory of San Jacinto NEXT 2 SECTION Mexican troops capture Texan army at Goliad, execute over 300 Texan army defeats Mexican troops at San Jacinto Texan army increases to 800 angry men, includes: -American settlers -Tejanos -volunteers from the United States -free and enslaved African Americans Santa Anna forced to sign treaty giving Texas its freedom Interactive

19. Lone Star Republic NEXT 2 SECTION Texas becomes independent nation called the Lone Star Republic If Texas joins Union, slave states would outnumber free states Many Northerners object, argue Texas would be a slave state Sam Houston elected president, Texas asks to be annexed to the U.S. Congress votes against annexation Others fear annexing Texas would lead to war with Mexico

20. NEXT Section 3 The War with Mexico The United States expands its territory westward to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast.

21. Americans Support Manifest Destiny NEXT West occupied by Native Americans, Mexicans 3 SECTION Americans view West as unoccupied, many want to settle in region Manifest Destiny—U.S. expansion from Atlantic, Pacific sure to happen Manifest destiny becomes U.S. policy under President James K. Polk The War with Mexico U.S., Britain divide Oregon territory at 49th parallel (1846) Map

22. Troubles with Mexico NEXT 3 SECTION U.S. Congress admits Texas as slave state (1846), angers Mexico General Zachary Taylor stations U.S. troops in disputed region Texas, Mexico do not agree on official border, U.S. diplomacy fails Action viewed by Mexico as an act of war, Mexico attacks U.S. patrol Congress declares war on Mexico, some Americans are against war Southerners want to extend slavery into Texas, Northerners do not

23. Capturing New Mexico and California NEXT 3 SECTION U.S. General Stephen Kearny, troops enter New Mexico Kearny, small force head to California, remaining troops go to Mexico Using persuasion, Kearny occupies New Mexico without firing a shot In California, Americans led by John C. Fremont rebel against Mexico Rebellion known as Bear Flag Revolt, California declares independence U.S. troops help rebels gain control of California Image

24. The Invasion of Mexico NEXT 3 SECTION General Zachary Taylor leads U.S. troops into Mexico from Texas General Winfield Scott, U.S. troops land in Veracruz, Mexico Fights Santa Anna, Mexican troops at Buena Vista, Mexican troops retreat Head inland to Mexico City, fight Mexican troops, capture Mexico City Interactive

25. The Mexican Cession NEXT 3 SECTION War ends with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) Mexico gives up vast region known as the Mexican Cession: -amounts to almost one-half of Mexico -U.S. pays Mexico $15 million for region Mexico recognizes Texas as U.S., Rio Grande as Mexican/U.S. border Mexicans in U.S. become a minority, contribute to American culture

26. “From Sea to Shining Sea” NEXT 3 SECTION Mexico sells land to U.S., the Gadsden Purchase (1853): -costs U.S. $10 million -includes southern New Mexico, Arizona President Polk learns gold found in California In 1848, the U.S. extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific Map

27. NEXT Section 4 The California Gold Rush Gold is found in California, and thousands rush to that territory. California quickly becomes a state.

28. California Before the Rush NEXT Before gold rush, California populated, Native Americans, Californios 4 SECTION Californios—California settlers of Spanish or Mexican descent The California Gold Rush Most live on huge cattle ranches Californio Mariano Vallejo leader of California when owned by Mexico Swiss man John Sutter granted land by Mexico in Sacramento Valley Sutter’s carpenter, James Marshall, finds gold on Sutter’s land (1848)

29. Rush for Gold NEXT 4 SECTION News of gold discovery spreads rapidly, starts California gold rush Thousands of gold seekers set out to California using one of 3 routes: -sail around South America, up Pacific coast -sail to Isthmus of Panama, crossover, then sail to California -travel overland across North America Gold rush occurs when many people move to where gold has been found

30. Life in the Mining Camps NEXT 4 SECTION Forty-niners—people who go to California to find gold, starting 1849 Camp life dangerous, mining hard work, few find much gold Often live in camps with colorful names like Coyote Diggings, Hangtown Miners pay high prices for supplies, con artists swindle miners

31. Miners from Around the World NEXT 4 SECTION Two-thirds of miners are Americans, mostly white men Many miners come from Mexico, Europe, South America, Australia, China Also include Native Americans, free blacks, enslaved African Americans Chinese miners, mostly peasant farmers who flee region when crops fail Chinese are patient miners, make “played-out” sites yield profits American miners resent successful Chinese miners Image

32. Conflicts Among Miners NEXT 4 SECTION Some miners cheat others California becomes U.S. state, passes Foreign Miners Tax (1850): -imposes $20 monthly tax on foreign miners -causes miners from other countries leave to their mines Some American miners force Native American, foreign miners to leave Chinese open shops, restaurants, laundries, settle in San Francisco Image

33. The Impact of the Gold Rush NEXT 4 SECTION During gold rush 250,000 people flood California, over by 1852 Gold rush ruins many Californios, Americans seize their property San Francisco becomes center for banking, shipping, trade Thousands of Native Americans die from diseases brought by miners Anglo-Americans kill thousands of Native Americans Image Continued...

34. NEXT 4 SECTION Due to gold rush, California has enough people to apply for statehood Outlaws slavery, does not grant African Americans right to vote California is admitted as free state in 1850 Southerners fear California upsets balance between slave, free states Conflict over issue threatens survival of the Union Continued The Impact of the Gold Rush

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