1. JOSHUA LIGGETT RONALD E. MCNAIR SCHOLAR PROJECT ADVISOR CHARLES ETTNER, PH.D. DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Understanding the Tangled Web Interaction of Indigenous Peoples and Missionaries at Mission Nuestra Senora de la Soledad

2. SIMPLY: AN ANALYSIS OF MISSION RECORDS The Project

3. The Project: This research is aimed at providing a more vivid understanding of the many peoples who lived and died at Mission Soledad. Particularly, understandings of interactions At Contact The main goal of this line of research is to elucidate the various patterns found in the data of those persons of Esselen and Chalon ancestry, who were the primary groups housed at Mission Soledad. Involves examination of various mission records of Mission Soledad, to include baptismal and marriage records Note: there are no extant death records from Mission Soledad. Comprised of the Catholic Missions of the South Coast region, extending as far north as Chowchilla, south as far as Visalia and east as far as Fresno and Clovis, even into the foot hills near modern-day Coarsegold.

4. Mission Nuestra Senora de la Soledad

5. Background Nuestra Senora de la Soledad, or Mission Soledad, was founded in 1791 and one of twenty-one Franciscan missions established in what was formerly known as “Alta California”. Recent work has been done on the inclusive region north to San Francisco Bay area, and south to San Jose. The principle investigator, Dr. Randall Milliken, identified the impact of the California Mission system. Particularly, Milliken identified how the tribes were brought into the mission system. On another note, Milliken also analyzed the various effects on the tribes or tribelets in question. This particular line of research, similar in kind, to the work of Milliken, takes up the study where he left off.

6. The Mission Records

8. TRIBES – TRIBELETS – TRIBAL AREAS Various Origins

9. Tribelets Tribe: Arroyo Seco Tribelet: Rancheria de Arroyo Seco Tribal Area/Region: As Shown to the Right As put forth by Randal Milliken, Ph.D. in his article on Priest Valley (2006) In the loose regional community, clusters of family groups shared numerous short-term villages within extensive named territories. The territorial boundaries of such regions were vague, and the constituent villages lacked centralized leadership. Precise areas such as tribelet and village locations Vague, harder-to-define areas like communities, groups, and homelands Pomo Tribelets

10. Esselen Territory

11. Baptismal Totals Above: The Aspasniajan Village of Pino Middle: Conversion of Paiiu Village Below: Village totals for Arroyo Seco Region, Graph of Village Totals # of ConvertsStandard OriginVillageTime PeriodFirst BapID 66Ymmunajan Cuchúnu, rch. De, Cuchunu 4/30/1792 - 3/12/1806 SO0026 14Ymmunajan Ymmuniajan, Ymmuiajan 5/26/1792 - 9/6/1799 SO0033 4Ymmunajan Jappaymusnu, Japaimusnu, rch., Japaymoxno, rch. 6/17/1792 - 9/29/1794 SO0040 2Ymmunajan Guayaguayasno, rch., Guayauyayas 6/17/1792 - 7/22/1797 SO0042 1Ymmunajan-6/17/1792SO0043 1Ymmunajan-7/17/1792SO0084 27Ymmunajan Arroyo Seco *.. En, Arroyo Seco 8/14/1793 - 8/6/1805 SO0393 1YmmunajanAgualzo7/14/1798SO0423 1YmmunajanPlaya, natural de4/2/1802SO0831 1YmmunajanSierra4/25/1807SO1303 # of ConvertsStandard OriginVillageTime PeriodFirst BapID 95Aspasniajan Pino, Ranch. Del Pino 11/23/1791 – 8/6/1805 13 years, 11 months, 22 days SO0001 # of ConvertsStandard OriginVillageTime PeriodFirst BapID 32Piiau Piau, Piáu rumbo Chalon, … 7/15/1792SO0071 7921793

12. Mission Soledad Baptisms, 1770 - 1775 1770 - 1773 1774 – 4/1775 5/1775 – 12/1775

13. Baptismal Totals

14. …AT A GLANCE Marriage Records

15. A Sample of Marriage Records Marriage #DateHusbands OriginWife's OriginHusband's BapIDWife's BapID SO00025/3/1792ChatlonMacalachoposSO0140SO0392 SO001412/1/1792ChatlonPinonaySO0140SO0363 SO00818/6/1797Chalon, R.aJunutca, R.aSO0362SO0262 SO00849/11/1797Chalon, R.Eslat, R.SO0029SO0039 SO00978/24/1798Arroyo SecoChalonSO0019SO0020 SO010412/16/1798Chalon, rumbo dePinoSO0653SO0662 SO01475/17/1800Chalon, rumbo de SO0678SO0681 SO01506/21/1800Chalon, rumbo de SO0677SO0680 SO01516/21/1800Chalon, rumbo de SO0174SO0153 SO02056/13/1802PinoArroyo SecoSO1663SO1921 SO05292/11/1821ChalonTularSO0170SO1604 SO057810/24/1822Pitcatse SO0230SO0336

16. Cantua Creek Listed in Mission Records as “frente de San Benito” Cantua Creek Listed in Mission Records as “frente de San Benito” Esselen Groups Strong documentation Esselen Groups Strong documentation A Look at

17. While the goal of this line of research is to elucidate the patterns by which Native Americans were sought out by the forces of conversion coming from the missions of California, it is important to note that beyond the data, the numbers and the records are the lives of real people who lived, loved, and died. While the missions brought certain boons to Alta California, disease and destruction of culture also entered the world of Native California due to the mission system

18. THERE ARE MANY MORE MISSIONS TO BEYOND MISSION NUESTRA SENORA DE LA SOLEDAD THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY WILL LAY THE GROUND WORK FOR THE VARIOUS MISSIONS TO FOLLOW THIS PRESENTATION IS THE FIRST REPORT ON A LINE OF RESEARCH THAT WILL EXTEND THROUGHOUT THE REMAINING MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA The End…?

19. Questions