1. Territorial and Economic Expansion
Manifest Destiny

2. Manifest Destiny
“Away, away with all these cobweb tissues of the rights of discovery, exploration and settlement…[The American claim] is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty!… -John L. O’Sullivan

3. John O’Sullivan
Journalist and founder/editor of the United States Magazine and Democratic Review
Coins the term "manifest destiny" to encourage the spirit of expansionism

5. Manifest Destiny Defined
Manifest Destiny: popular belief that the US had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across N. America
Enthusiasm for expansion…why?
Nationalism, population increase, economic development, technological advances, reform
Late on: sectionalism over slavery

6. Was Expansion Inevitable?
Treaty of Paris 1783 Lands from Britain
Louisiana Purchase & Lewis/Clark Expedition
War of 1812
Monroe Doctrine
Adams Onis Treaty
Trail of Tears
Missouri Compromise

8. Other Factors to Push Expansion
INFRASTRUCTURE ie roads, canals, etc
Cumberland/National Road
Erie Canal
INNOVATIONS ie steamboat, railroad

9. New Perspective: Indian Removal
But who’s land is it?

11. History of Abuse British arrive: 13 colonies, Indians losing land
Pre-Revolutionary War: French & Indian war, fighting with British in Rev. War
New U.S. Government: fought to be recognized as a sovereign nation
1778 to 1871: 400+ treaties
Today: “Trail of Broken Treaties”

12. Jefferson, Jan. 1803
“The Indian tribes residing within the limits of the U.S. have for a considerable time been growing more & more uneasy at the constant diminution of the territory they occupy…In order peaceably to counteract this policy of theirs, two measures are deemed expedient. First, to encourage them to abandon hunting, to apply to the raising stock, to agriculture and domestic manufacture; Second  to multiply trading houses among them & place within their reach those things which will contribute more to their domestic comfort.”

13. Indian Removal Act
President Jackson pushes Congress to force Indians to move west of the Mississippi
Congress established Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) as the new Indian homeland
US govt creates Bureau of Indian Affairs

14. John C. Calhoun-Sect. of War
“One of the greatest evils to which they (Indians) are subject is the incessant (constant) pressure of our population.”
John C. Calhoun-Sect. of War
According to John C. Calhoun, why is the US government forcing the Native Americans to move off of their homelands?
What is wrong with this statement?

15. Cherokee Indians/5 Civ. Tribes
Lived peacefully in the Appalachian Mountains of Georgia and Tennessee
Adopted culture of whites - wrote and spoke English
Had own written language and newspaper
Based their government on the U.S. Constitution

16. Cherokee Sue For Land
Cherokee sued the government of Georgia for taking their land
Worcester vs. Georgia - Supreme Court rules Georgia’s actions are illegal and that the Cherokee can stay

17. President Andrew Jackson
“Chief Justice John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it.”
President Andrew Jackson
What is wrong with this statement?

19. Trail of Tears Georgia govt. smashes in Cherokee printing press
US troops move 18,000 Cherokee at gunpoint 800 miles from
25% of Cherokee died - most elderly and children

21. Primary Sourcing Break into PAIRS (That means 2)
Address the following documents as a group-answer the “Focus Questions”
45 Minutes

22. Reservations
US government forced Native American tribes to live in certain areas called Indian Reservations Not the best land; Indian Appropriations Act of 1851
In exchange for living on the reservation, tribes were often
paid some money called an annuity.
The annuities were usually not very much money
Government did not always pay them on time
Native Americans usually had to spend their money buying food and supplies from white American traders
Dawes Act of 1887-parcels of land

24. “Kill the Indian, Save the Man”
Assimilation: process of one group of people being "absorbed" into another's culture
Goal of assimilation policy: for all Native Americans to live & behave like white Americans
Tools to achieve assimilation:
Boarding schools for Native
American children
Killing bison (their main food source)
Missionaries to introduce Christianity

26. TREATIES!...that don’t work
Omaha Creek
Kansas Muscogee
Lakota Navajo
Pawnee Mohawk
Arapaho Oto/Missouri
Cheyenne Shawnee
Banncock Seminole
Sioux Witchetaw