1. Immune System Chapter 43

2. Introduction to the Immune System An animal must defend itself against unwelcome intruders. An animal must defend itself against unwelcome intruders. It must also deal with abnormal body cells, which, in some cases, may develop into cancer. It must also deal with abnormal body cells, which, in some cases, may develop into cancer. Two major kinds of defense have evolved to counter such threats. Two major kinds of defense have evolved to counter such threats. Innate Defenses Innate Defenses Acquired Defenses Acquired Defenses

3. Overview of the Immune System

4. External Barriers: Skin Skin Mucous membranes Mucous membranes Secretions Secretions

5. Internal Cellular Defenses: Phagocytic cells Phagocytic cells Neutrophils Neutrophils Monocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Eosinophils Dendritic cells Dendritic cells

6. Internal Cellular Defenses

7. Phagocytic Responses Pseudopodia Pseudopodia Ingestion Ingestion Vacuole Vacuole Fuse with lysosome Fuse with lysosome Digestion Digestion Exocytosis Exocytosis

8. Internal Cellular Defenses: Natural Killer Cells Natural Killer Cells Non-specific Non-specific Perforins Perforins Apoptosis Apoptosis

9. Internal Chemical Defenses: Interferons Interferons Complement proteins Complement proteins

10. Inflammatory Response

11. Cardinal signs of inflammation Cardinal signs of inflammation Local versus systemic inflammation Local versus systemic inflammation Septic shock Septic shock

12. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY All cells have cell surface macromolecules All cells have cell surface macromolecules Adaptive immunity is sensitive to specific infections Adaptive immunity is sensitive to specific infections Antigens distinguish self versus non-self Antigens distinguish self versus non-self

13. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

15. Humoral Immunity Also known as antibody-mediated immunity Also known as antibody-mediated immunity Utilizes B-lymphocytes Utilizes B-lymphocytes Recognizes antigen directly Recognizes antigen directly Made in the bone marrow Made in the bone marrow

16. Clonal Selection and Proliferation

17. Humoral Immunity

18. Antibody Structure

19. Antibody Classes

21. Antibody Functions

22. Cell-Mediated Immunity Utilizes T-lymphocytes Utilizes T-lymphocytes T-cells are made in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus gland. T-cells are made in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus gland. Cannot recognize antigens directly Cannot recognize antigens directly

23. Cell-Mediated Immunity CLASS I MHC PROTEINCLASS II MHC PROTEIN

24. Helper T-Lymphocyte Stimulation

25. Helper T-cells stimulate B-cells

26. Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Stimulation

27. Overview of Adaptive Immunity

28. Adaptive Immunity

29. Problems with the Immune System Blood Transfusion Reaction Blood Transfusion Reaction Tissue Rejection Tissue Rejection Allergies Allergies Autoimmune disease Autoimmune disease Immunodeficiencies Immunodeficiencies

30. Blood Transfusion Reactions

32. Rhesus Factor Blood Type Presence of D Antigen? Type of Antibody? Receive? Rh Positive YesNone + and - Rh Negative NoAnti-D - only

33. Tissue Transplant and Rejection Autograft Autograft Isograft Isograft Allograft Allograft Xenograft Xenograft

34. Allergies or Hypersensitivities Type I Type I Type II Type II Type III Type III Type IV Type IV

35. Autoimmune Diseases Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Systemic lupus Systemic lupus Grave's disease Grave's disease Type I diabetes mellitus Type I diabetes mellitus

36. Immunodeficiency Diseases Primary Immunodeficiency Primary Immunodeficiency a.k.a. “inborn” a.k.a. “inborn” SCID SCID Secondary Immunodeficiency Secondary Immunodeficiency a.k.a. “acquired” a.k.a. “acquired” Drugs Drugs Stress and Hodgkin’s Stress and Hodgkin’s AIDS AIDS