1. AfricaArray: Using Seismology to Build Science Capacity in Africa -- An Example for GEOSS AfricaArray: Using Seismology to Build Science Capacity in Africa -- An Example for GEOSS Andy Nyblade Andy Nyblade Dept. of Geosciences Dept. of Geosciences Penn State University Penn State University www.africaarray.psu.edu

2. Outline Outline Review AfricaArray Review AfricaArray Implications for GEOSS and Capacity Building Implications for GEOSS and Capacity Building www.africaarray.psu.edu

3. AfricaArray Goals AfricaArray Goals A public-private partnership supporting capacity building for Africa’s natural resource sector A public-private partnership supporting capacity building for Africa’s natural resource sector Establish in-situ training and research programs to help build a scientific workforce Establish in-situ training and research programs to help build a scientific workforce initially in geophysics initially in geophysics As part of the training and research programs, create shared scientific observatories (initially broadband seismic stations) to promote education, research, and community building As part of the training and research programs, create shared scientific observatories (initially broadband seismic stations) to promote education, research, and community building “AfricaArray” = array of observatories + array of training programs + array of research projects + array of partnerships and collaboration

4. AfricaArray’s Initial Focus in Geophysics: Maintain and develop further geophysical training programs, in response to industry, government and university needs Maintain and develop further geophysical training programs, in response to industry, government and university needs Promote geophysical research, and establish an Africa-to-Africa research support system Promote geophysical research, and establish an Africa-to-Africa research support system

5. AfricaArray’s Initial Focus in Geophysics: Obtain geophysical data, through a network of shared observatories, to study scientific targets of economic and societal importance, as well as fundamental geological processes shaping the African continent Obtain geophysical data, through a network of shared observatories, to study scientific targets of economic and societal importance, as well as fundamental geological processes shaping the African continent Advance training and research opportunities for students from historically disadvantaged communities Advance training and research opportunities for students from historically disadvantaged communities

6. History: Oct. 2003 -- meeting with Paul Dirks (Head, School of Geosciences, the University of the Witwatersrand) Nov 2003 -- White paper “AfricaArray: Developing a Scientific Workforce for Africa’s Natural Resource Sector” 2004 Workshops Feb -- Wits March -- Houston July -- Wits : consensus to move ahead 2005 Workshop Feb -- Italy Proposals: 2004 -2005

7. AfricaArray Implementation (3 phases over 10 years): Phase 1 (years 1-3, started Jan. 2005 ) AfricaArray Implementation (3 phases over 10 years): Phase 1 (years 1-3, started Jan. 2005 ) the geophysics program will be improved and expanded at the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, to provide BSc, MSc and Ph.D. degree training the geophysics program will be improved and expanded at the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, to provide BSc, MSc and Ph.D. degree training Sandwich program for Ph.D. -- up to 6 months/yr in Sandwich program for Ph.D. -- up to 6 months/yr in U.S. or Europe Broadband seismic stations will be installed or upgraded in participating countries as part of a permanent “backbone” seismic network (southern and eastern Africa) Broadband seismic stations will be installed or upgraded in participating countries as part of a permanent “backbone” seismic network (southern and eastern Africa) Data archived at IRIS DMC; open data policy Data archived at IRIS DMC; open data policy temporary networks of seismic stations will be installed for focused projects temporary networks of seismic stations will be installed for focused projects train technical personnel how to operate and maintain seismic stations train technical personnel how to operate and maintain seismic stations data from the seismic stations will be used for student research data from the seismic stations will be used for student research

8. AfricaArray Implementation: Phase 2 (years 4-6) & Phase 3 (years 7-10) build centers of excellence in geophysics at other African universities (already started) build centers of excellence in geophysics at other African universities (already started) expand training programs for technical staff expand training programs for technical staff expand network of permanent observatories and add other sensors (GPS, meteorological, hydrologic, other environmental sensors) expand network of permanent observatories and add other sensors (GPS, meteorological, hydrologic, other environmental sensors) expand the number of temporary seismometer arrays expand the number of temporary seismometer arrays develop secondary school outreach programs develop secondary school outreach programs

9. Progress so far Progress so far Education program at Wits: Education program at Wits: 10 BSc honours students (4th yr) 10 BSc honours students (4th yr) 1 MSc student 1 MSc student 2 PhD students 2 PhD students Backbone network of observatories Backbone network of observatories 11 operational BB stations in South Africa with data flowing to the IRIS DMC 11 operational BB stations in South Africa with data flowing to the IRIS DMC 20 additional BB stations by end 2006 20 additional BB stations by end 2006 Temporary seismic network s Temporary seismic network s 2005-2006 Cameroon (30 stations) 2005-2006 Cameroon (30 stations) 2007-2010 Uganda and Tanzania (40 stations) 2007-2010 Uganda and Tanzania (40 stations)

10. AfricaArray Permanent Broadband Seismic Stations 2005-2006

11. Progress so far Progress so far Science projects: General Theme “4D Imaging of the African Crust and Mantle” General Theme “4D Imaging of the African Crust and Mantle” African Superplume African Superplume Bushveld Complex Bushveld Complex Congo Craton Congo Craton Cameroon Volcanic Line Cameroon Volcanic Line E. African rift basins E. African rift basins Wits basin Wits basin

12. Partnerships Partnerships Founding partners: School of Geosciences, University of Wits School of Geosciences, University of Wits Council for Geoscience (S. African Geol. Survey) Council for Geoscience (S. African Geol. Survey) Penn State University Penn State University IRIS IRIS Other partners: Government organizations in Africa and the U.S. Government organizations in Africa and the U.S. Many universities in Africa and the U.S. and Europe Many universities in Africa and the U.S. and Europe Many geological surveys in Africa Many geological surveys in Africa Many companies Many companies growing quickly! growing quickly!

13. Funding Partners Funding Partners In-kind support ($2M) In-kind support ($2M) Wits, CGS, PSU, IRIS Wits, CGS, PSU, IRIS New funding raised New funding raised Gov’t: NSF, NRF (S. Africa), CGS, CSIR Gov’t: NSF, NRF (S. Africa), CGS, CSIR Private: ExxonMobil, Schlumberger, De Beers, ISSI, Private: ExxonMobil, Schlumberger, De Beers, ISSI, Mineral Education Trust Fund (S. Africa)

14. AfricaArray and GEOSS AfricaArray and GEOSS Provides an example for how to link capacity building in science to developing an “observing system” Provides an example for how to link capacity building in science to developing an “observing system” If we can do this in seismology we can do it in other related science fields If we can do this in seismology we can do it in other related science fields Potentially provides a model for developing sustainable observing systems in developing countries Potentially provides a model for developing sustainable observing systems in developing countries Many Gov’ts are more interested in science training than long-term monitoring of the environment Many Gov’ts are more interested in science training than long-term monitoring of the environment Cost-sharing of O&M for multidisciplinary observatories: logistics, infrastructure, power, communications, security are expensive in many developing countries Cost-sharing of O&M for multidisciplinary observatories: logistics, infrastructure, power, communications, security are expensive in many developing countries Increased gov’t buy-in Improved operations

15. GEOSS Capacity Building Goals: 2 Yrs GEOSS Capacity Building Goals: 2 Yrs Produce a comprehensive review and analysis of gaps and methodologies, based on existing and planned capacity-building efforts. Produce a comprehensive review and analysis of gaps and methodologies, based on existing and planned capacity-building efforts. Facilitate, together with existing efforts, the maintenance and strengthening of education, training, research and communication. Facilitate, together with existing efforts, the maintenance and strengthening of education, training, research and communication. Facilitate, with developing countries……the establishment and maintenance of baseline sites for global in situ and remote sensing networks that cannot always be justified on national grounds alone… Facilitate, with developing countries……the establishment and maintenance of baseline sites for global in situ and remote sensing networks that cannot always be justified on national grounds alone… Develop a network of experts involved in existing capacity- building initiatives related to Earth observation, and encourage users to access this knowledge base. Develop a network of experts involved in existing capacity- building initiatives related to Earth observation, and encourage users to access this knowledge base. Encourage, in each societal benefit area, the development of capacity-building components as a requirement for any network, project, activity Encourage, in each societal benefit area, the development of capacity-building components as a requirement for any network, project, activity Facilitate access to data and models, particularly for developing countries. Facilitate access to data and models, particularly for developing countries.

16. GEOSS Capacity Building Goals: 6 Yrs GEOSS Capacity Building Goals: 6 Yrs Advocate funding of multinational projects to leverage the end-to-end value of observations, including the establishment of necessary infrastructure. Advocate funding of multinational projects to leverage the end-to-end value of observations, including the establishment of necessary infrastructure. Produce monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for capacity- building efforts. Produce monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for capacity- building efforts. Facilitate education and training to provide a global base of technical expertise. Facilitate education and training to provide a global base of technical expertise.

17. GEOSS Capacity Building Goals: 10 Yrs GEOSS Capacity Building Goals: 10 Yrs Use Earth-observation data and products (e.g. process, integrate, model) following accepted standards. Use Earth-observation data and products (e.g. process, integrate, model) following accepted standards. Contribute to, access, and retrieve data from global data systems and networks. Contribute to, access, and retrieve data from global data systems and networks. Analyze and interpret data to enable development of decision-support tools and to advance understanding in societal benefit areas. Analyze and interpret data to enable development of decision-support tools and to advance understanding in societal benefit areas. Integrate Earth-observation data and products with other data and products, for a more complete view and understanding of problems and derived solutions. Integrate Earth-observation data and products with other data and products, for a more complete view and understanding of problems and derived solutions. Improve infrastructure development in areas of poor observational coverage. Improve infrastructure development in areas of poor observational coverage. Develop recommended priorities for new or augmented efforts in capacity building. Develop recommended priorities for new or augmented efforts in capacity building.

18. SeismologySeismology + GEOSSGEOSS