1. Reform and Revolution in the Industrial Age

2. I. Turmoil after the Congress of Vienna Shadow of the French Revolution Democratization of industrial society

3. A. A Legacy of Resistance 1. Napoleon spread the ideals of Revolution - independence movements throughout Europe 2. Industrialization put up some barriers, broke down others - class & gender ideologies politicized middle and working classes - classes alternately cooperated, competed

4. 3. The Peterloo Massacre, 1819 - “corn laws” - Six Acts Massacre, 1819 - “corn laws” - Six Acts 4. The Karlsbad Decrees, 1819 - German students challenge power of larger German states - censorship, authoritarianism - German students challenge power of larger German states - censorship, authoritarianism Reaction led to greater resistance

5. B. Grassroots democratization 1. Britain: Reform Bill of 1832 - “rotten boroughs”: parliamentary reform - middle-class suffrage 2. Chartist Movement - universal suffrage - rise of the Liberal Party

6. 3. Jacksonian Democracy in America - anti-institutional politics - Age of the Common Man 4. Student movements in Germany and France - open to the middle class - generation of radicals

7. II. The “forgotten” revolution: 1830 National Independence Democracy Economic Justice

8. A. Struggles for Independence 1. Greece, 1820s a. Russia, Britain, France conspire for Greeks b. popular among Western romantics 1. Greece, 1820s a. Russia, Britain, France conspire for Greeks b. popular among Western romantics - Lord Byron Dying as their father died For the God their foes denied

9. 2. Belgium, 1830 - part of the Netherlands, but Catholic - Great Powers fearful of Belgian democracy - British guarantee neutrality: “Balance of Power”

10. 3. Poland had long been under Russian, Prussian & Austrian control - Napoleon left behind strong revolutionary legacy - 1830: cadets and students in Warsaw riot, aristocracy timid Russians deploy 180K troops to crush the rebellion

11. 4. Italy, 1831 - Mazzini, young Italians try to drive Austria out of Northern Italy to drive Austria out of Northern Italy - gives birth to the underground “Young Italy” Movement Populist, grassroots unification movements generally failed

12. B. Revolution in France, revisited 1. Charles X and absolutism - resisted shared power - return of the ancien regime - aligned with Church

13. 2. Charles dismisses Chamber of Deputies - even more liberal group of representatives elected, 1827 - issues the Four Ordinances: suppression of liberties 3. July 1830 - factory workers take to the streets demanding lower prices - Republican Party seizes Paris

14. 4. Bourgeoisie take control of the Revolution, “July Monarchy” the Revolution, “July Monarchy” - install Louise-Philippe as Constitutional Monarch - install Louise-Philippe as Constitutional Monarch - MC “sells-out” the workers; Rebellion crushed by French, foreign troops - MC “sells-out” the workers; Rebellion crushed by French, foreign troops 5. Intermittent class conflict Victor Hugo, Les Miserables

15. Legacies of 1830: the “Forgotten” Revolutions Great Powers worked to contain revolution throughout Europe: Congress of Vienna Great Powers worked to contain revolution throughout Europe: Congress of Vienna Politicized all levels of European society, even though industrial workers/peasants still shut out Politicized all levels of European society, even though industrial workers/peasants still shut out This tension will continue to build for another 20 years

16. III. Revolution of 1848 LiberalismNationalismReaction

17. A. Revolution of 1848 in Germany

18. 1. Strong university tradition, growing middle class 2. March 1848, Frederick William IV agrees to create national Prussian assembly create national Prussian assembly

19. 3. Non-Prussian German bourgeois meet at the Frankfurt Assembly - wanted to unify - wanted to unify Germany under a Germany under a liberal constitution liberal constitution 4. Fred. Wil. Refuses “crown from the gutter”

20. B. Austria 1. Fought nationalist uprisings in Hungary, Italy, and Prague 2. 1850, “Humiliation of Olmutz” - Austrians warn Prussians not to unite the Germans; a united Germany would undermine Austrian authoritarianism

21. In the German states including Austria and Prussia, the Revolution of 1848 led to the concentration of Reactionary (conservative) power Future “liberal” reform stood little chance of success

22. C. France 1. Monarch of Louis-Philippe failed to solve many French economic problems - “banquet” campaign: MC & WC political reformers begin to cooperate - Louis cracks down on banquets in 1848, revolution begins again in France

23. 2. 2nd Republic declared in 1848 - moderates (constitutional reforms) - radicals (universal suffrage; social programs) 3. The Luxembourg Commission - Louis Blanc - Louis Blanc - hear workers’ grievances - hear workers’ grievances

24. 4. Once again, WC & MC had different goals for Revolution - “June Days”: workers create a socialist commune within Paris - it is crushed by French General with support of the Bourgeois

25. Legacies of Revolutions Legacies of Revolutions 1. Britain expands democratic institutions 2. France dichotomous political culture 3. Growing distance between authoritarian and liberal states

26. IV. Marx and Darwin Revolution and Evolution

27. A. Karl Marx 1. Capitalism = “alienation” - social relations 2. False consciousness - religion/ideology

28. 3. Communist Manifesto (1848) - “History…is the history of class struggle” - Historical Dialectic > Dialectical Materialism - industrial capitalism is creating its own antithesis Social evolution is not “chaotic”, has a pattern

29. B. Charles Darwin 1. Science and exploration - geology (Charles Lyell, John Henslow) - zoology/ornithology - Transmutation of Species 2. On the Origin of the Species, (1859) - Natural Selection

30. 3. The Descent of Man (1871) - cosmological revolution 4. Implications - Social Darwinism Racism/ Anti-Semitism Class exploitation Ecological Awareness