1. What’s the Matter? All of the materials around you are made up of matter. You are made up of matter, as are the chair you sit on and the air you breathe. 1. Give an example of solid matter. 2. Give an example of liquid matter. 3. Give an example of gaseous matter. 4. Is all matter visible? 5. Does all matter take up space? Section 2-1 Interest Grabber

2. 2–1The Nature of Matter A.Atoms B.Elements and Isotopes 1.Isotopes 2.Radioactive Isotopes C.Chemical Compounds D.Chemical Bonds 1.Ionic Bonds 2.Covalent Bonds 3.Van der Waals Forces Section 2-1 Section Outline

3. 6 C Carbon 12.011 Section 2-1 An Element in the Periodic Table

4. Nonradioactive carbon-12Nonradioactive carbon-13Radioactive carbon-14 6 electrons 6 protons 6 neutrons 6 electrons 6 protons 8 neutrons 6 electrons 6 protons 7 neutrons Section 2-1 Figure 2-2 Isotopes of Carbon

5. Sodium atom (Na)Chlorine atom (Cl)Sodium ion (Na + )Chloride ion (Cl - ) Transfer of electron Protons +11 Electrons -11 Charge 0 Protons +17 Electrons -17 Charge 0 Protons +11 Electrons -10 Charge +1 Protons +17 Electrons -18 Charge -1 Section 2-1 Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding

6. Sodium atom (Na)Chlorine atom (Cl)Sodium ion (Na + )Chloride ion (Cl - ) Transfer of electron Protons +11 Electrons -11 Charge 0 Protons +17 Electrons -17 Charge 0 Protons +11 Electrons -10 Charge +1 Protons +17 Electrons -18 Charge -1 Section 2-1 Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding

7. Water, Water Everywhere If you have ever seen a photograph of Earth from space, you know that much of the planet is covered by water. Water makes life on Earth possible. If life as we know it exists on some other planet, water must be present to support that life. Section 2-2 Interest Grabber

8. WATER What You know about water. Work with your partner to fill in the Circle Map. Where did you learn this?

9. 2. Exchange your circle map for the circle map of another pair of students. Did your maps contain some of the same things? Did anything on the other list surprise you? 3. Did either list contain any living things? Section 2-2 Interest Grabber continued

10. 2–2 Properties of Water A.The Water Molecule 1.Polarity 2.Hydrogen Bonds B.Solutions and Suspensions 1.Solutions 2.Suspensions C.Acids, Bases, and pH 1.The pH Scale 2.Acids 3.Bases 4.Buffers Section 2-2 Section Outline

11. O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H negative positive O H H A water molecule is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen bonds form between the water molecules because of the partial charges. Cohesion is an attraction between molecules of the same substance.

12. A mixture is a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined. Example: salt and pepper that has been stirred together. In a solution all the components are evenly distributed throughout the solution. Example: Sugar in ice tea; sugar is the solute (substance that is dissolved) tea is the solvent (the substance in which the solvent dissolves) In a suspension materials do not dissolve when placed in water but separate into pieces so small that they do not settle out.

13. Cl - Water Cl - Na + Water Na + Section 2-2 Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution

14. Section 2-2 Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution Cl - Water Cl - Na + Water Na +

15. Acids, Bases, and pH Water molecules react to form ions (charged particles; H+ and OH-) The measurement of these ions is called the pH scale. An acid is any compound that forms hydrogen (H+) ions in solution and have a pH value below 7 A base is a compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) ions and have a pH value above 7

16. Oven cleaner Bleach Ammonia solution Soap Sea water Human blood Pure water Milk Normal rainfall Acid rain Tomato juice Lemon juice Stomach acid Neutral Increasingly Basic Increasingly Acidic Section 2-2 pH Scale

17. Buffers are weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH.

18. Life’s Backbone Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds. Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms. As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A huge number of different carbon compounds exist. Each compound has a different structure. For example, carbon chains can be straight or branching. Also, other kinds of atoms can be attached to the carbon chain. Section 2-3 Interest Grabber

19. 1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least ten things that contain carbon. 2. Working with a partner, review your list. If you think some things on your list contain only carbon, write “only carbon” next to them. 3. If you know other elements that are in any items on your list, write those elements next to them. Section 2-3 Interest Grabber continued

20. 2–3Carbon Compounds A.The Chemistry of Carbon B.Macromolecules C.Carbohydrates D.Lipids E.Nucleic Acids F.Proteins Section 2-3 Section Outline

21. Carbon Compounds include that consist of which contain that consist of which contain Section 2-3 Concept Map CarbohydratesLipidsNucleic acidsProteins Sugars and starches Fats and oilsNucleotidesAmino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

22. MethaneAcetyleneButadieneBenzeneIsooctane Section 2-3 Figure 2-11 Carbon Compounds EXAMPLES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

23. Starch a polysacharide; 3 or more sugars Glucose a monosacharide; single sugar Section 2-3 Figure 2-13 A Starch CARBOHYDRATES Sucrose a disacharide; 2 sugars

24. General structureAlanineSerine Section 2-3 Figure 2-16 Amino Acids Amino groupCarboxyl group Amino Acids - the building blocks of proteins.

25. General structureAlanineSerine Section 2-3 Figure 2-16 Amino Acids Amino groupCarboxyl group There are 20 different R groups but all amino acids contain an amine group and a carboxyl group.

26. General structureAlanineSerine Section 2-3 Figure 2-16 Amino Acids Amino groupCarboxyl group

27. Amino acids Section 2-3 Figure 2-17 A Protein Amino Acids are bonded by dehydration (removal of water) to form peptide bonds. Long chains of amino acids make up macromolecules called proteins.

28. Matter and Energy Have you ever sat around a campfire or watched flames flicker in a fireplace? The burning of wood is a chemical reaction—a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. A chemical reaction always involves changes in chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds. The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are called reactants. The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are called products. As wood burns, molecules of cellulose are broken down and combine with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapor, and energy is released. Section 2-4 Interest Grabber

29. 1. What are the reactants when wood burns? 2. What are the products when wood burns? 3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood burns? 4. Wood doesn’t burn all by itself. What must you do to start a fire? What does this mean in terms of energy? 5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning. Why don’t you need to keep restarting the fire? Section 2-4 Interest Grabber continued

30. 2–4Chemical Reactions and Enzymes A.Chemical Reactions B.Energy in Reactions 1.Energy Changes 2.Activation Energy C.Enzymes D.Enzyme Action 1.The Enzyme-Substrate Complex 2.Regulation of Enzyme Activity Section 2-4 Section Outline

31. Chemical reactions always involve the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products. CO2 + H2O H2CO3 An example is when carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid in order to carry the carbon dioxide to the lungs. The reverse reaction produces carbon dioxide gas that is released as you exhale.

32. Energy in reactions Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy The energy that is needed to get a reaction started is called the activation energy

33. Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction Products Activation energy Activation energy Reactants Section 2-4 Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions

34. Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction Products Activation energy Activation energy Reactants Section 2-4 Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions

35. Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Reaction pathway with enzyme Reactants Products Section 2-4 Effect of Enzymes Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells. Notice how the addition of an enzyme lowers the activation energy in this reaction. This action speeds up the reaction.

36. HOW DO ENZYMES WORK? Enzymes provide a site (active site) where reactants can be brought together to react. Such a site reduces the energy needed for reaction. The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are known as substrates.

37. Glucose Substrates ATP Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme (hexokinase) ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate Products are released Section 2-4 Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Active site The enzyme hexokinase converts the substrates glucose and ATP into glucose-6-phosphate and ADP.

38. Glucose Substrates ATP Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme (hexokinase) ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate Products are released Section 2-4 Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Active site

39. Glucose Substrates ATP Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme (hexokinase) ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate Products are released Section 2-4 Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Active site

40. Glucose Substrates ATP Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme (hexokinase) ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate Products are released Section 2-4 Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Active site After the products are formed the enzyme is free to start the process again.

41. Video Content s Videos Click a hyperlink to choose a video. Atomic Structure Energy Levels and Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding Enzymatic Reactions

42. Video 1 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 1 Atomic Structure

43. Video 2 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 2 Energy Levels and Ionic Bonding

44. Video 3 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 3 Covalent Bonding

45. Video 4 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 4 Enzymatic Reactions

46. Internet Career links on forensic scientists Interactive test Articles on organic chemistry For links on properties of water, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-1022. www.SciLinks.org For links on enzymes, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-1024. www.SciLinks.org Go Online

47. Section 1 Answer s 1.Give an example of solid matter. Sample answers: books, desks, chairs 2. Give an example of liquid matter. Sample answers: water, milk 3. Give an example of gaseous matter. Sample answers: air, helium in a balloon 4. Is all matter visible? No 5. Does all matter take up space? Yes Interest Grabber Answers

48. Section 2 Answer s Interest Grabber Answers 1. Working with a partner, make a list of ten things that have water in them. Possible answers: bodies of water, rain and snow, soft drinks and other beverages, juicy foods such as fruits, and so on. 2. Exchange your list for the list of another pair of students. Did your lists contain some of the same things? Did anything on the other list surprise you? Students’ answers will likely be similar, but not exactly alike. 3. Did either list contain any living things? Students’ lists may include plants, animals, or other living things.

49. Section 3 Answer s Interest Grabber Answers 1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least ten things that contain carbon. Students will likely know that charcoal and coal contain carbon. They may also list carbohydrates (starches and sugars), oil, gasoline, wood, or carbon dioxide. 2. Working with a partner, review your list. If you think some things on your list contain only carbon, write “only carbon” next to them. Students will say that charcoal and coal contain only carbon. While these materials do contain small amounts of other elements, such as sulfur, they are composed mostly of carbon. 3. If you know other elements that are in any items on your list, write those elements next to them. Students may know that many carbon compounds also contain oxygen and/or hydrogen.

50. Section 4 Answer s Interest Grabber Answers 1.What are the reactants when wood burns? Reactants are oxygen and cellulose. 2. What are the products when wood burns? Products are carbon dioxide and water. 3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood burns? Light and heat are given off. Some students may also mention sound (the crackling of a fire). 4. Wood doesn’t burn all by itself. What must you do to start a fire? What does this mean in terms of energy? To start a fire, you must light it with a match and kindling. You are giving the wood some energy in the form of heat. 5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning. Why don’t you need to keep restarting the fire? Once the fire gets going, it gives off enough heat to start more of the wood burning.

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