2. GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUPS 1. DEFINITION OF SOCIAL GROUP: TWO OR MORE PEOPLE WHO INTERACT FREQUENTLY AND SHARE A COMMON IDENTITY 2. AGGREGATE: PEOPLE IN THE SAME PLACE AT THE SAME TIME 3. CATEGORY: PEOPLE WHO SHARE COMMON CHARACTERISTICS

4. TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS 1. PRIMARY GROUPS 2. SECONDARY GROUPS 3. IN-GROUPS/OUT-GROUPS 4. REFERENCE GROUPS

5. Types of Groups GROUP TYPE GROUP TYPE DEFINITION Primary Secondary Ingroup Outgroup SMALL, FACE-TO-FACE, EMOTION-BASED, EXTENDED TIME PERIOD LARGER, SPECIALIZED, IMPERSONAL, GOAL ORIENTED, LIMITED TIME LARGER, SPECIALIZED, IMPERSONAL, GOAL ORIENTED, LIMITED TIME A GROUP TO WHICH A PERSON BELONGS AND IDENTIFIES WITH A GROUP TO WHICH A PERSON DOES NOT BELONG AND FEELS A SENSE OF COMPETITIVENESS OR HOSTILITY Reference A GROUP THAT STRONGLY INFLUENCES OUR BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ATTITUDES

7. THE PURPOSE OF SOCIAL GROUPS FUNCTIONALIST VIEW: MEETS INSTRUMENTAL OR EXPRESSIVE NEEDS CONFLICT VIEW: BASED ON POWER RELATIONSHIPS

8. GROUP DYNAMICS 1. GROUP SIZE: CHANGES INTERACTION 2. GROUP CONFORMITY -- ASCH’S RESEARCH -- MILGRAM’S RESEARCH

9. Group Size A B C D E F G A B C D E F A B C DE A B A B C A B C D Group Size: 2 Only 1 Interaction Possible Group Size: 3 3 Interactions Possible Group Size: 4 6 Interactions Possible Group Size: 6 15 Interactions Possible Group Size: 5 10 Interactions Possible Group Size: 7 21 Interactions Possible

14. FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS 1. DEFINITION: HIGHLY STRUCTURED; SECONDARY GROUP; SPECIFIC GOALS; LONG TERM 2. BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS AND GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACIES INFORMAL STRUCTURES: NETWORKS OF PEOPLE IN FORMAL ORGANIZATION THAT IGNORE OR BYPASS FORMAL PROCEDURES

15. BUREAUCRACIES 1. DEFINITION: CHARACTERIZED BY: A HIERARCHY OF AUTHORITY CLEAR DIVISION OF LABOR EXPLICIT RULES AND REGULATIONS

16. IMPERSONALITY IN STAFFING SEEKS MOST “RATIONAL AND EFFICIENT MEANS OF REACHING GOALS

17. Ideal Characteristics of Bureaucracy Impersonality Employment Based on Technical Qualifications Rules and Regulations Hierarchy of Authority Division of Labor

21. Shortcomings of Bureaucracies Inefficiency and Rigidity Inefficiency and Rigidity Major Problems of Bureaucracies Major Problems of Bureaucracies Resistance to Change Resistance to Change Perpetuation of Race Class and Gender Inequalities Perpetuation of Race Class and Gender Inequalities

23. SHORTCOMINGS OF BUREAUCRACIES 1. GOAL DISPLACEMENT 2. BUREAUCRATIC PERSONALITY 3. INEQUALITIES: WHITE MALES PREDOMINATE

24. RATIONALITY (MAX WEBER) TRADITIONAL METHODS OF INFORMALITY AND SPONTANEITY ARE REPLACED BY EFFICIENCY AND FORMAL RULES AND PROCEDURES

25. OLIGARCHY AND BUREAUCRACIES 1. WEBER: BUREAUCRACIES ARE NECESSARY--NEEDED FOR LARGE- SCALE TASKS EVIL--STIFLES CREATIVITY; PUTS POWER IN HANDS OF NON-ELECTED; BECOME “IRON CAGES”

26. ROBERT MICHELS “IRON LAW OF OLIGARCHY”: BUREAUCRACIES ARE RULED BY A FEW