1. Case-Based Reasoning for Eliciting the Evolution of Geospatial Objects Joice Mota, Gilberto Camara, Isabel Escada, Olga Bittencourt, Leila Fonseca, Lúbia Vinhas National Institute for Space Research

2. source: IGBP How is the Earth’s environment changing, and what are the consequences for human civilization? The fundamental question of our time

3. Earth observation satellites and geosensor webs provide key information about global change… …but that information needs to be modelled and extracted

4. What´s in an Image? “Remote sensing images provide data for describing landscape dynamics” (Câmara, Egenhofer et al., COSIT 2001).

5. Land cover objects LAND COVER OBJECTS Boundaries determined by agreement about land categories (geometry, topology and properties change)

6. The problem: extracting land cover objects from images and relating them to human use of space

7. Landsat Image 13/Ago/2003 Remote sensing images: sources of land cover objects

8. Deforestation from 13/Ago/2003 to 07/May/2004 Deforestation: until 13/Aug/2003 (yellow), from 13/Aug/2003 until 07/mai/2004 (red) Remote sensing images: sources of land cover objects

9. Deforestation from 07 May 2004 to 21 May 2004 Deforestation: until 13 Aug 2003 (yellow), from 13/Aug/2003 to 07/May/2004 (red), from 07 May 2004 to 21 May 2004 (orange) Remote sensing images: sources of land cover objects

10. Eliciting the history of land change objects Reconstructing the history of a landscape

11. type-dependent rules Merge (stateObj, cityObj) = stateObj Approach: object histories + types + rules splitcreatemerge Hornsby and Egenhofer (COSIT 97, IJGIS 2000)

12. Form follows function Object shape indicates possible land use Different types of land change objects

13. From shapes of land cover to types of land use ShapeSizeActorsMain land use Linear (LIN)VariableGovernment, settlersRoads and pathways Irregular (IRR)Small (<50 ha) Small farms (settlers)Subsistence agriculture Regular (REG)Medium- large (>50 ha) Midsized and large farmers Cattle ranching irregular, linear, regular

14. Evolution rules depend on land function Small Farmers Medium-Sized Farmers photos: Isabel Escada Many settlers sell their land SUBSISTENCE FARMING Settler gets parcel Settler sells land CATTLE FARM ABANDONMENT Land exhaustion LAND REFORM redistribution

15. Eliciting the Evolution Rules using Case-Based Reasoning We use domain experts to derive the evolution rules

16. Evolution rules depend on expected land use irregular, linear, regular settlements, roads, farms Merge(settlement, settlement) = FALSE Merge (road, road) = road Merge (farm, farm) = farm Merge (settlement, road) = FALSE Merge (settlement, farm) = farm Merge (farm, road) = FALSE

17. From snapshots to object history Object extracted from snapshots are merged to create histories

18. {-- definition of Object History data type --} ObjHist t : Tree Object t { -- operations on Object History data type --} merge:: ObjHist t1  ObjHist t2  ObjHist t3 split:: ObjHist t1  ObjHist t2  (ObjHist t1, ObjHist t3) Computational model: basic operations splitmerge

19. Computational model: telling histories Object histories can be retrieved

20. Landsat image (2000) Deforestation maps from INPE (2000) Peasants were given lots with sizes of 25 ha to 50 ha in 1970s. What happened from 1970s to 2000s? Land intensification in Rondônia (BR)

21. Vale do Anari – 1982 -1985 Patterns/Typology IRR: Irregular – Colonist parcels LIN: Linear – roads and pathways REG: Regular – medium-large farms REG

22. Vale do Anari – 1985 - 1988 Pereira et al, 2005 Escada, 2003 REG Patterns/Typology IRR: Irregular – Colonist parcels LIN: Linear – roads and pathways REG: Regular – medium-large farms

23. Vale do Anari – 1988 - 1991 Pereira et al, 2005 Escada, 2003 REG Patterns/Typology IRR: Irregular – Colonist parcels LIN: Linear – roads and pathways REG: Regular – medium-large farms

24. Vale do Anari – 1991 - 1994 Pereira et al, 2005 Escada, 2003 Patterns/Typology IRR: Irregular – Colonist parcels LIN: Linear – roads and pathways REG: Regular – medium-large farms

25. Vale do Anari – 1994 - 1997 Pereira et al, 2005 Escada, 2003 REG Patterns/Typology IRR: Irregular – Colonist parcels LIN: Linear – roads and pathways REG: Regular – medium-large farms

26. Vale do Anari – 1997 - 2000 Pereira et al, 2005 Escada, 2003 REG Patterns/Typology IRR: Irregular – Colonist parcels LIN: Linear – roads and pathways REG: Regular – medium-large farms

27. Vale do Anari – 1985 - 2000 Confirmed by field work Pereira et al, 2005 Escada, 2003 REG Patterns/Typology IRR: Irregular – Colonist parcels LIN: Linear – roads and pathways REG: Regular – medium-large farms

28. 31 1985 256 1988 1991 287 312 324 279 295 310 311 327 1994 430 446 460 474 1997 397 403 406 427 431 2000 21 1985 1985 - 1988 1985 - 1991 1985 - 1994 1985 - 1997 1985 - 2000 Elicting land cover object histories

29. 31 1985 Elicting land cover object histories

30. 31 21 256 1988 Elicting land cover object histories

31. 31 21 256 324 312 1991 Elicting land cover object histories

32. 31 21 256 324 312310 327 311 1994 Elicting land cover object histories

33. 31 21 256 312 327 1 311 1994 Elicting land cover object histories

34. 31 21 256 312 2 311 1994 Elicting land cover object histories

35. 31 21 256 2 3 1994 Elicting land cover object histories

36. 31 21 256 2 3 474 460 1997 Elicting land cover object histories

37. 31 21 256 460 3 5 1997 Elicting land cover object histories

38. 31 21 256 460 6 1997 Elicting land cover object histories

39. 31 21 256 7 1997 Elicting land cover object histories

40. 31 21 256 7 431 427 2000 Elicting land cover object histories

41. 31 21 256 427 11 2000 Elicting land cover object histories

42. 31 21 256 12 2000 Elicting land cover object histories

43. Marked land concentration Government plan for settling many colonists in the area has failed. Large farmers have bought the parcels in an illicit way Anari – from land cover to land use

44. Tools: GEODMA (Data mining) GEODMA – geographical data mining analyst

45. 45 Tools: TerraHS TerraHS TerraView import TerraHS type Mpoint = Haskell TerraLib MySQL TerraLib Developer

46. Conclusion Land cover object types + lifelines + rules = obtain history of land use