1. SOLVENTS

2. P HYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES : Solubility Flammability Volatility Chemical structure

3. P HARMACOKINETICS OF SOLVENTS Route of exposure: 1-pulmonary 2-percutaneous Distribution: Metabolism: 1-toxification 2-detoxification Excretion: 1-expiration 2-urine

4. B IOLOGICAL MONITORING Less value for solvents because of : 1-rapid absorption and excretion 2-acute high brief exposure is more important than accumulation exposure.

5. H EALTH EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS Skin disorders: 20% of occupational dermatitis. Defatting property. Concentration and time of exposure. Clothing and gloves.

6. Finding: irritation, dryness, scaling, tingling, itching. patch test in a few instances. Treatment & prevention : emollient, topical steroid, good hygiene, education, engineering control.

7. central nervous system: acute effects: euphoria, anesthetic, headache, confusion, disorientation, drowsiness,… symptoms resolved under 24 hours. chronic effects: neurobehavioral disorders, cortex atrophy, Alzheimer, vestibulo-oculomotor disorder. diagnosis: 1- Hx of exposure 2-clinical finding 3- role out of other disease

8. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Sensorymotor nuropathy: symmetric, ascending, distal axonopathy. Common cause: CS2, n,hexan, methyl n buthyl ketone. Others: Terigeminal anesthesia = TCE Sensory neural HL= styrene Visual disorder = tuloene, styrene.

9. Diagnosis : NCV, EMG, nerve biopsy, clinical findings. DDx: diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, drugs Treatment : cut of exposure. Prognosis: depends on damage and removal time.

10. Respiratory system: Findings: mucosal irritation, cough, pulmonary edema, hypoxia. Heart: cardiac sensitization to epinephrine effects. methylene chloride acts on heart like as CO.

11. Liver : hepatotoxicity of halogenated hydrocarbons. Finding: RUQ pain, nausea, vomiting, icter. Serum bile acid rising. Antipyrine metabolism rising. DDx: alcoholic hepatitis.

12. kidney : TCC= acute tubular necrosis. toluene= distal RTA. ethylene glycole= renal stone. RPGN in case reports. Findings: polyuria, proteinuria, glucosuria, RTA.

13. Blood: aplastic anemia= benzen, chlorinated hydrocarbons. hemolytic anemia= glycol ethers.

14. Cancer potential: benzen, halogenated hydrocarbons, mixed solvents.

15. Reproductive system: increased risk of SA, malformation, time of fertility, FAS, oligospermia & azospermia(in exposed men)

16. P REVENTION OF SOLVENT TOXICITY 1- selection & substitution of solvent. 2-engineering controls. 3-personal protection.