1. R K Jain

2. CO 2 emission responsible for global warming Development process to go unhalted. Ways and means to be found for controlling and abating CO 2. Energy efficient technologies, energy conservation, reduction in T&D losses to help CO 2 emission. Ultimate solution may lie in CO 2 capture and storage (CCS) which can stabilize CO2 concentration at 450 or 550 ppm. CCS as potential of reducing emission by 85% or more by 2050.

3. CO 2 capture and storage system Fuels Processes Transport Storage options

4. Post combustion - CO2 separation from flue gases by chemical absorption with monoethanolamine (chilled ammonia process under development). Pre Combustion - CO2 separation in reformer after gasification of fuel (sorbents used for separation). OxyFuel-Separating O2 and N2 from air and using O2 to burn fuel.

5. Ocean Storage (~nearly 1000 GtCO2 potential depending on environmental constrains) Geological storage (potential 2000 GtCO2).This can enable enhanced oil or gas recovery. Deep saline aquifers (potential 5-500 billion tCO2 ).Appears to be best long term solution. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs (good sites because of proven caprock).

7. Capture Efficiency- 85-95% Net CO2 reduction- 80-90% Additional Energy use-10-40%

8. Planned storage (MtCO2) Canada20 Algeria17 Norway20 Nether Land8 USA 0.0016

9. For pulverized Coal Plants cost of CCS could vary between 61 to 99 US$/MWhr whereas cost of carbon mitigation could vary between 30 to 70 US$/ CO2 avoided Cost of Capture 15-75% US$/tCO2 Cost of Transportation for 250 km 1-8 US$/t CO2 Geological Storage 0.5 -8 US$/tCO2 injected Ocean storage 5-30 US$/tCO2 injected Cost of coal fired plant could increase by around 25% with adoption of CCS.

11. Lack of real Data Appropriate Site selection for geological storage. Monitoring program to detect problems. Remedial methods to stop CO2 releases Important to evaluate potential for seepage based on site characteristics

12. It is estimated that fraction retained in appropriately selected and managed geological reserves may be more than 99% over 1000 years Release is estimated to be gradual over hundreds of years

13. Technical issues Scale up of technology for CO2 separation. Efficiency improvements in compression of CO2. Chances of leakage of stored CO2 Damages on account of leakage of CO2 Economic Issues More detail assessments needed to improve equipment design and cost estimates. Legal Issues Property rights to underground space for storage Legal considerations for potential CO2 leak Regulatory Issues Building a regulatory framework for CCS needed.