1. Photosynthesis Research by Means of Optical Spectroscopy: Energy Transfer Charge Transfer Protein Dynamics Biosensors

2. Renewable Energy Solar energy: 3,850,000x10 18 J per year per Earth; (and will last for millions of years)

3. Photosynthetic Pigment-Protein Complexes: Harvesting Light and Funneling it into the Reaction Center (where Primary Photochemistry Takes Place) with nearly 100% Effectiveness. What makes these seemingly chaotic (with a few exceptions) antenna arrangements so efficient? Top view of plant Photosystem I: Blue: protein Grey: antenna chlorophylls Red, orange: quinones and iron-sulfur clusters of the RC

4. = WHY Can we learn something useful from Mother Nature for designing more efficient solar energy harvesting systems? Factors affecting pigments (e.g. Chlorophylls) transition energies: Interactions with surrounding protein (static and dynamic); Inter-pigment interactions Quantum effects ?

5. Protein Structure and Dynamics Tertiary protein structure, which determines protein’s function, is determined by electrostatic interactions between peptides and between peptides and water… How do proteins “know” how to fold? Levinthal Paradox: Predicting tertiary structure from primary sequence is ineffective: Need to study actual energy landscapes A polypeptide of just 100 residues will have 99 peptide bonds, and therefore 198 different φ and θ bond angles. If each of these bond angles can be in one of just three stable conformations, the protein may mis-fold into a maximum of 3 198 = 3x10 94 different conformations. Therefore if a protein were to attain its correctly folded configuration by randomly sampling all possible conformations, it would require a time longer than the age of the universe to arrive at its correct conformation even if conformations are sampled at rapid (ns -1 or ps -1 ) rates. In reality, folding is very fast, and 100 amino acid proteins fold (correctly) in milliseconds…

6. Pigments as Sensitive Probes to Local Protein Environment. Photosynthetic complexes have pigments in wide range of local protein environments… and without any genetic engineering! Wavelength (nm) Scan number Hofmann, C., Aartsma, T. J., Michel, H., Köhler, J., New Journal of Physics 6, 2004, 8. © Christopher M. Dobson

7. Spectral Hole Burning and Single Molecule Spectroscopy Line/hole Width ~ [energy transfer time] -1

8. High-Resolution Optical Spectroscopy … …in Frequency Domain (in our case) Tunable CW laser system (532 nm + dye + Ti-S) Liquid helium cryostat Spectroscopy CCD with QE>90% And avalanche photodiode Spectrograph and single entity (including graphene Raman) optical setup

9. Working electrode (PS II) Reference electrode Time (sec) No inhibitor Increasing concentration of inhibitor 0 4  10 3 8  10 3 1.2  10 4 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 TNT Biosensors for Photosynthesis Inhibitors, Including Herbicides and Explosives lumen stroma Chlz D2 Chlz D1 D1 D2 OEC Photo-current (nA)