1. Building Aware Flow and T&D Modeling Sensor Data Fusion NCAR/RAL March 23 2007

2. Building Effects A C B Arrows indicate flow around typical building structures for an undisturbed wind flowing from left to right. Plume predictions based upon measurements taken at points A, B, or C will indicate transport opposite the mean flow. Example comparing rooftop anemometer to lidar observations. Building Effects N E S NE SE NNE ENE ESE SSE SSW

3. Physical model of Lower Manhattan 1:200 scale wind tunnel model EPA Fluid Modeling Facility Laser Doppler velocimeter to measure flows Building-Aware Model

4. Los Alamos developed empirical flow distortion mass consistent model calibrated with wind tunnel experiments Computes mean, time- averaged, effects of buildings on the wind field Capable of running at a resolution of a few meters QUIC-Urb

5. Buildings superimposed within the unmodified wind field Buildings are composed of rectilinear blocks that are an integer number of grid cells Empirical algorithms are used to estimate the velocities in various zones around the buildings - the zones are a function of the size of the building and wind speed and direction

6. QUIC-Urb A diagnostic wind scheme, continuity, is used to adjust the winds to account for mass conservation and obstacle blocking effects Allows for realistic rotational flow Frozen hydrodynamics - change of flow with time is obtained through successive application of the whole process

7. QUIC-Urb Complicated building shapes can be built from simple rectilinear elements Building elements should maximize horizontal area. Unrealistic flows can arise from improper building construction.

8. Lagrangian Particle Modeling Stochastic model of Lagrangian velocities (Monte-Carlo, Markov-chain) Eulerian mean and turbulent fields - From a mesoscale, LES, or CFD model  t generally given by  x,  y, or  z - From model or parameterized  t is a dimensionless random variable with mean of 0 and variance of 1 T L is the integrated Lagrangian time scale Particles move with the mean wind plus perturbation Perturbation is part memory part turbulence Memory coefficient

9. Each particle represents a finite amount of material Concentration based on sum of particles within a grid cell Account for buildings by reflection of particles off building surfaces How many particles to use? –Statistical significance –Size of grid cells –Distance from source –Strength of turbulence –Available run time Lagrangian Particle Modeling Concentration computation Building reflection

10. Advantages –Modifications for inhomogeneous turbulence –Complicated sources/releases –Treatment of buildings reasonably simple Disadvantages –Number of particles (runtime, concentration) –Complications dealing with chemical reactions Hybrids –Langrangian Puff –Langrangian/Eulerian Lagrangian Particle Modeling

11. QUIC-Plume Example of QUIC-Plume running over a multi building urban area. Building aware Lagrangian particle dispersion model developed by Los Alamos National Lab Building aware wind field input from QUIC-Urb

12. Lagrangian-Puff Modeling (SCIPUFF/HPAC) Lagrangian transport of Gaussian puffs Concentration field represented by collection of 3- D puffs Q + Puffs characterized by 3- moments of the puff concentration –0 th Mass –1 st Centroid –2 nd Spread Puff concentration

13. Lagrangian-Puff Modeling Develop prognostic equations for each of the moments based upon environmental conditions Assume that environmental conditions at puff centroid are representative for whole puff Splitting and merging of puffs Instantaneous or continuous releases, sources from 3rd party models Reflection of puffs at boundaries - difficulties for treatment of buildings Buildings treated as additional surface roughness (Urban Wind Model - UWM) Urban Dispersion Model - UDM SPLIT MERGE Boundary

14. SCIPUFF Typical HPAC plume using VLAS wind field. Example of building effects in HPAC. This simulation did not execute in an emergency response time frame.

15. Sensor Data Fusion Scenario –A sensor or sensor network detects CBR materials CBR Sensor Location

16. Sensor Data Fusion Scenario –A sensor or sensor network detects CBR materials –Detection is currently used as the source to forecast the downwind impact CBR Sensor Location Sensor Detection Based Plume

17. Sensor Data Fusion Scenario –A sensor or sensor network detects CBR materials –Detection is currently used as the source to forecast the downwind impact –This forecast may not accurately reflect the actual threat Actual Release Location CBR Sensor Location Sensor Detection Based Plume

18. Sensor Data Fusion Scenario –A sensor or sensor network detects CBR materials –Detection is currently used as the source to forecast the downwind impact –This forecast may not accurately reflect the actual threat Actual Release Location CBR Sensor Location Actual CBR Plume Sensor Detection Based Plume

19. CBR SDF Objective Given disparate CBR sensor readings and meteorological measurements, determine: –CBR Source Characteristics (Location, Mass, Time) –CBR Refined Downwind Hazard (Surface Dosage) CB/Met Sensors CB/Met Sensors SDF Source Characterization Source Characterization Refined Downwind Hazard Refined Downwind Hazard Essentially this is done by using sensor readings at sources and running the T&D model in reverse (adjoint) Then determine PDF of reverse concentration peaks (most likely location of source) Complications - Continuous sources, multiple sources, moving sources

20. Demonstration Control Experiment: Single Source, Perfect Sensors, Known Release Time

21. Demonstration Control Experiment: Single Source, Perfect Sensors, Known Release Time

22. Demonstration Control Experiment: Single Source, Perfect Sensors, Known Release Time

23. Demonstration Control Experiment: Single Source, Perfect Sensors, Known Release Time

24. Demonstration Control Experiment: Single Source, Perfect Sensors, Known Release Time

25. Demonstration Control Experiment: Single Source, Perfect Sensors, Known Release Time