1. CY2003 Computer Operating Systems Lecture 01 Introduction Abir Hussain (JPB6.33, a.hussain@livjm.ac.uk)

2. © JMU, 2004CY2003-012 Introduction Teaching by lectures, laboratories and tutorials. –the material is mainly theoretical –the analysis is mainly informal –reinforced by practical labs under LINUX

3. © JMU, 2004CY2003-013 Module Assessment The module will be assessed by –written exam:2 hours(75%) –coursework(25%) programming assignment

4. © JMU, 2004CY2003-014 Recommended Texts Recommended module texts –1. A. Tanenbaum “Modern Operating Systems” Prentice- Hall, 2001, ISBN 0-13-031358-0 –2. G. Nutt “Operating Systems- A modern Perspective”, Addition-Wesley, 1997, ISBN 0-8053-12951. –3. C. Ritchie, “Operating Systems incorporating UNIX and Windows” 3 rd edition, Letts Education Publication, 1997, ISBN 1-85805-3021.

5. © JMU, 2004CY2003-015 Syllabus

6. What is an Operating System?

7. © JMU, 2004CY2003-017 Operating Systems In the early days of computing (1950’s and 60’s) the operator had to know how the system worked –the users programmed the machine code via paper tape –the computers performed one program at a time –all resources were available to the program any resource not in use was idle (i.e. wasted) –e.g. the CPU was idle while the tape was being read –system was idle while the user programmed a new task The process is wasteful, inefficient, and impossible to manage as computers got bigger and better

8. © JMU, 2004CY2003-018 user operating environment application programs operating system hardware What is an Operating System? An operating system is a suite of programs that relieves the user from the tedious chores of having to deal with the hardware directly An operating system has three main functions –to manage hardware –to support applications –to establish a user interface

9. © JMU, 2004CY2003-019 Two Views of an Operating System Operating systems can be thought of in two ways –virtual machine viewpoint the operating system deals with the hardware devices directly and provides the user with a set of device independent, simple and logical set of services –the resulting ‘virtual machine’ is easier to program –resource manager viewpoint a computer consists of many resources such as processor(s), memory, disks, screens, printers and interface cards, etc the operating system shares these resources (fairly) between different users or different programs that are running –imagine two programs trying to print at the same time without an operating system making sure they don’t interfere with each other!

10. A Brief History of Operating Systems

11. © JMU, 2004CY2003-0111 The First Generation Early computers were specially built machines that filled entire rooms –dedicated users would sign up for blocks of time They were programmed one step at a time by switches, paper tape or, later, punched cards –tape/card had to be loaded into the computer, run and when finished the operator could inspect the output As more complex hardware, such as printers, came along they had to be programmed each time –software libraries of useful functions were developed –these could be loaded from tapes or cards if required

12. © JMU, 2004CY2003-0112 The Second Generation The introduction of the transistor in mid-1950’s meant commercial computer systems to do work –big corporations, government agencies or universities To run a job (one or more programs) –program written out on cards, cards submitted, program read in, data read in, job run, collect output –special employees who were practiced operators High level languages such as COBOL and FORTRAN were developed to make writing programs easier –the compiler must be loaded from tape prior to job –jobs batched up (submitted in groups) to save time

13. © JMU, 2004CY2003-0113 The Third Generation With automated job control it was realised that much CPU time was wasted ‘waiting’ for peripherals (input / output devices) –one solution was to allow several programs to be read into main memory and to switch jobs automatically multiprogramming –another solution was to read input or write output onto hard disk (which was quicker) until the input / output device was free, so that the job could continue spooling: simultaneous peripheral operation on-line These required more complex operating systems

14. © JMU, 2004CY2003-0114 The Fourth Generation As technology improved (more and more rapidly) and prices tumbled the idea of personal computers became more popular –each user has her/his complete computer system with input / output devices keyboard, mouse, display screen, printer With plentiful resources and only one user, do we still need operating systems? –Yes! increased demand for ‘user-friendliness’: i.e. abstraction demand for flexibility: i.e. job control, virtual memory

15. Operating System Concepts

16. © JMU, 2004CY2003-0116 What is a Process? A process is an instance of a program that is being executed –a program which is loaded into memory and is running A process is an active entity –a program is passive: instructions that may be run

17. © JMU, 2004CY2003-0117 A Process Tree Processes may create other processes –the creator is referred to as the parent process –the created is referred to as the child process A DEF BC Process A created two child processes: B and C –process B created three child processes: D, E and F

18. © JMU, 2004CY2003-0118 Files A file is a collection of related information –all modern operating systems provide services to allow flexible files of variable size –allows data to be stored together, while hiding the details of the actual hardware device from the user All operating systems now support the concept of the directory or folder –a file of special significance to the operating system holds the names of other files, to group them together Directories can be placed in other directories to form a tree structure (which may be very ‘deep’)

19. Operating System Structures

20. © JMU, 2004CY2003-0120 System Calls System calls provide the interface between a process and the operating system –the virtual machine layer visible to the user –the control mechanism that connects a user process (user mode) to the operating system (privileged mode) They typically provide services such as –process control: create, terminate, wait –file manipulation: create, delete, open, close, read, write –device manipulation: allocate, deallocate, read, write –information maintenance: set/get date/time, user info –communications: create/delete connection, send, receive

21. © JMU, 2004CY2003-0121 The Unstructured Approach The ‘big mess’ –the structure is that there is no structure! –MS-DOS is a ‘good’ example of this approach application programs (users) have direct access to devices device drivers MS-DOS device driversresident system programapplication program

22. © JMU, 2004CY2003-0122 Layers A structured approach is found in the layer model –operating system comprises a number of layers, each of which can only invoke operations on lower layers A typical (abstract) layer structure may be layer 0:hardware layer 1:CPU scheduling layer 2:memory management layer 3:device drivers layer 4:buffering for input / output devices layer 5:user programs

23. © JMU, 2004CY2003-0123 Summary Module Overview –Syllabus –assessment outline What is an Operating System? –purpose and functions A Brief History –five generations of computing