1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. W2/8/12 Conflict Between States (Ch. 8.2 – pp. 247-256)

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. I. Shapes of States A. Five basic shapes 1. Compact = close to equal distance from center –efficient – good communication 2. Elongated = long & narrow shape –potential isolation – poor communication –Ex: Malawi, Chile, Italy, Gambia 3. Prorupted = compact state w/ protruding extension –access or disruption; often related to water source (Congo) or holdover from imperialism (Namibia; Afghanistan) 4. Perforated = completely surrounds another state –South Africa w/ Lesotho; Gambia w/ Senegal 5. Fragmented = non-contiguous parts – problematic –Often due to water (Tanzania, Indonesia) or imperialism (Angola, Panama, India’s Tin Bigha corridor, Russia)

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Shapes of States in Southern Africa

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. I. Shapes of States B. Landlocked states –state that lacks direct access to sea most common in Africa (Botswana, Zimbabwe, etc.) but present on most continents (Bolivia & Paraguay) need good relations w/ neighbors – why? potential problems?

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. II. Types of Boundaries A. Physical –1. Desert boundaries Most common in Africa & Asia – Sahara & Gobi –2. Mountain boundaries Andes, Alps, Himalayas Early U.S. history – Appalachian (British vs. French) –3. Water boundaries Rivers, lakes, oceans River borders often change over time (Rio Grande) Differences worked out w/ mediators

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mountain Boundary

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. II. Types of Boundaries B. Cultural –1. Geometric boundaries line or arc U.S.-Canadian border – 49 th parallel (MN-Pacific) occasional conflict – Libya-Chad (Aozou strip) –2. Human features language (most of Europe traditionally; esp. after WWI) religion (India/Pakistan, Northern Ireland) ethnicity – often problematic (esp. Balkans, former USSR)

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Geometric Border – 49 th Parallel - US-Canadian Border

10. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. II. Types of Boundaries C. Cyprus’ “Green Line” Boundary – independent since 1960 divided by ethnicity – Greek (S) & Turkish (N) – wall built to separate regions – includes buffer zone – forced migration ensued – sides closer in recent years

11. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cyprus’ Two Zones: Turkish - North Greek - South

12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cultural Boundary

13. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. II. Types of Boundaries D. Frontiers vs. Boundaries –boundary = invisible line marking extent of state’s territory –frontier = zone where no state has full control –frontiers were usually lightly inhabited –most frontiers have become boundaries recently –ex: Arabian peninsula

14. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. III. Boundaries Inside States A.Unitary States –most of power in central government –more common in smaller states Ex: USSR, China, traditional France (see below) B. Federal States –shared power b/w central and local gov’ts –more common in larger states Ex: USA, Canada, Russia, Belgium –globally, there is a trend toward federations Ex: France recently; Poland post-Communism

16. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. III. Boundaries Inside States (cont.) C. Electoral Geography boundaries within the United States are used to create legislative districts based on cenusus –gerrymandering = process of redrawing legislative boundaries to help party in power named for Elbridge Gerry (MA Gov. & VP) three types: wasted, excess, and stacked vote –wasted = spread opposition over districts but in minority –excess = concentrate opposition in high #s in a few districts –stacked = links distant voters, used to help particular groups illegal (1985 U.S. Supreme Court decision); –difficult to enforce –still some new gerrymandered districts created (2001 NC) – why?

17. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 52% - 5 districts48% - 0 districts

18. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 – 13A, 2 – 13A, 3 – 13A, 4 – 13A, 5 – 13A D1D2 D3 D4 D5 52% - 1 districts48% - 4 districts

19. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. D1D2 D3 D5 D4 52% - 3 districts48% - 2 districts

20. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Iowa - No Gerrymandering

21. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. North Carolina – Racial Gerrymandering

22. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Florida – Political Gerryma ndering