1. Analysis of Electrification of Remote Villages in Palestine by using: PV system, Diesel, or Extension Electrical Network Prepared by :Ayman Shtayah Qais Samarah Supervisor : Dr. Imad Ibrik 1

2. Background Palestine suffers from: A non-secure electrical network Palestinian Authority (PA) does not have any independence network in the West Bank The electrical loads are increased, but the grid does not expand 2

3. Background Palestine has a high solar radiation (G r ) and peak sunshine hours (PSH) amounts to about 3000h and this is enough to produce solar energy in a sustainable way. Availability of a large number of rural villages isolated from the electric grid. High fuel cost in Palestine. 3

4. Primary Purposes Economics comparison among photovoltaic system (PV), diesel generator (DG), hybrid PV-DG, and expansion electrical network 4

5. Secondary Purposes Trial to feed more areas of electricity. Reduce the phenomenon of immigration from rural areas to cities & congestion in cities. Reduce the pollution of the atmosphere from diesel generators & product CO2. 5

6. Scope (PV alone system) It usually consists of: PV array, charge battery controller, inverter, and lead acid battery. 6

7. Scope (DG alone systems) DG are widely used sources for remote off-grid areas mainly due to their low capital costs. It needs regular maintenance, fuel, filters, oils,..etc. and employee 7

8. Scope (Hybrid PV-DG systems -Series ) it combines between PV & DG to make stable systems, because DG cover the reduction in energy of battery We add controller rectifier to convert AC to DC 8

9. Scope (Expansion electrical network ) It requires many as: conductors, insulators, towers, truss, transformer, switch gears,… etc. It is more stable, but it is rarely existing on remote village 9

10. Studying Load (Froosh Beit Dajan) located at east of Nablus 40km their population about 769 inhabitants in 100 houses. It suffers from preventive, confiscation of lands and water no electrical network despite of IEC pass through it. The nearest point of medium voltage 33KV return to PA far 6km at Aien Sheply village. 10

11. Main loads existing in Froosh Biet Dajan Residential loads: it distributed to centralized & decentralized Telecommunication tower loads (Jawwal tower): it distributed to AC, AC/DC and DC. Water Pumping loads: it has 5 main pumps but we chose Ibasi pump only. 11

12. Daily load curve 12 Decentralized centralized

13. Pmax & daily energy residentialSLhouseschoolMasjidMunicipalityAbbas AreaShaka Area P max (w)10019230010060115205760 E (kwh/day)11.21.2970.1940.10899.5748.94 13 towerP max (kw)E (kwh/d) P AC 6.42187.32 P AC/DC 5.26148.29 P DC 4.96142.64  After Studying the loads, we can get: PumpH (m)V (m 3 /day)E h (kwh/d) Ibasi110877.5276.18  we get E after dividing the energy by ηTL = 94%

14. The Sizing of the systems- PV: residential & tower PV generator, storage battery, controller, inverter: we applied 4 Gr at 4 tilted angle (0, 20, 32, 45) ηv= 92%, ηc = 95%, ηB = 85%, Ad= 1.5, DOD= 75% 14

15. The Sizing of the systems- PV: residential & tower On tower we applied the min month Gr to keep the loads operating all times Because the land of the tower is rented (not personal ) we add the size of land a = area for 1kwp=7.055m 2 15

16. The Sizing of the systems- PV: water pumping PV generator, square inverter, induction motor we applied average Gr from May to October (when pump operating) ηv= 92%, ηm = 90%, V = m3/day, TDH= 1.05*H, η p= 95% We take percentages of Eh when we applying equations 16

17. The Sizing of the systems-existing DG: areaKVAh/dld/hld/dld/yh/y Abbas6641664233601460 Shaka334728102201460 17 KVAh/dld/hld/dld/yh/y 1812448175204380 1812448175204380 percentageDHP (hp)ld/y 10%72,106 20%144,212 40%288,424 60%4212,636 80%5616,848 90%6318,954 100%7021,060 residential tower Ibasi pump

18. The Sizing of the systems- hybrid: residential & tower PV generator, storage battery, controller, inverter: is the same size of PV alone. in tower we used average Gr because the DG get more stability of the system. We used Ad= 1 day Size of :DG rectifier 18

19. The Sizing of the systems- hybrid: residential & tower To calculate the consumption of diesel and operating hour per year of DG, we must determine the percent that DG covered as follows: 19 Month tilt 1234101112 00.460.370.1400.060.320.49 200.3410.30.107000.160.353 320.270.260.09000.0730.28 450.20.210.060.02000.19

20. The Sizing of the systems- hybrid: water pumping the diesel pumping used to compensate the percentage of Eh covered by PV. That means we cover 100% of Eh by two systems: PV and diesel, so we used two pumps for each. e.g.: when the percentage of PV is 10% then the percentage of diesel is 90% 20

21. The Sizing of the systems-Expansion electrical network When electrical network will be expanded, all loads in the village will be benefited from it. 21

22. The Sizing of the systems-Expansion electrical network 22 conductorlengthV (KV)Ac (mm)numberAc of earth ABAB 600033503 phase35 B  C 20000.41504 phase + 1 nutral50 B  D 20000.4505 phase + 1 nutral35 B  E6000.4506 phase + 1 nutral35

23. Economical study 23 1.Normal case applied without any considerations of existing DG in the village 1.Replacement case The existing DG enters economical study as salvage value, subtract from present cost 1.Continuing case DG existing now work on hybrid system, no fixed cost of DG

24. Results PV alone: 24 System0203245 Abbas Centralized normal0.7590.727 0.742 replacement0.7390.707 0.722 Decentralized normal0.7100.681 0.695 replacement0.6910.661 0.675 Shaka Centralized normal0.7600.728 0.743 replacement0.7270.695 0.711 Decentralized normal0.7100.681 0.695 replacement0.6780.648 0.663

25. Results PV alone: 25 AC normal1.3261.0540.9770.946 replacement1.3101.0380.9600.930 AC/DC normal1.4061.1161.0341.002 replacement1.3851.0961.0130.981 DC normal1.2220.9710.9000.873 replacement1.2010.9500.8790.851 10%0.7340.7210.7470.806 20%0.7310.7140.7430.803 40%0.7270.7140.7400.799 60%0.7390.7260.7520.812 80%0.7260.7130.7380.798 90%0.7280.7150.7410.800 100%0.7230.7100.7360.795 0 20 32 45

26. Results DG alone: 26 Abbas0.865 Shaka0.916 Tower0.800 Pump 10%0.933 20%0.726 40%0.621 60%0.598 80%0.565 90%0.566 100%0.556

27. comparison of $/kwh for Ibasi pump DG alone & PV alone at different percentage of Eh 27

28. Results hybrid: 28 0203245 Abbas normal0.8280.769 0.75 1 0.75 5 replacement0.8080.750 0.73 1 0.73 5 continuing0.8150.755 0.73 8 0.74 3 Shaka normal0.8990.837 0.81 7 0.82 2 replacement0.8670.804 0.78 5 0.78 9 continuing0.8590.798 0.78 0 0.78 5 Pump 10%PV + 90% diesel0.5830.5820.5840.590 20%PV + 80% diesel0.5980.5960.6010.613 40%PV + 60% diesel0.6500.6450.6550.679 60%PV + 40% diesel 0.6910.6830.6990.735 80%PV + 20% diesel0.7260.7160.7360.783 90%PV + 10% diesel0.7490.7370.760.813

29. Results hybrid: 29 Tower AC normal0.8980.8260.8050.813 replacement0.8820.8100.7890.804 continuing0.8830.8100.7890.798 AC/DC normal0.9630.8860.8650.873 replacement0.9430.8660.8430.851 continuing0.8790.8050.7840.791 DC normal0.8610.7910.7700.777 replacement0.8400.7700.7490.755 continuing0.8390.7710.7500.757 0 20 32 45

30. Results of extension network: 30 normal0.346 replacement0.333

31. Conclusion The most economical alternative to electrify the village is extension electrical network, but we know that is prevented since 1967. The most economical alternative to electrify the residential is the PV decentralized system at tilt 20 or 32 The second economical alternative to electrify the residential is the hybrid system at tilt angle= 32, and it is more than reliable PV 31

32. Conclusion The most economical alternative to electrify the tower is the hybrid with DC system at tilt 32, and it more than reliable PV The second economical alternative to electrify the tower is the existing DG (it is more economical than PV) The most economical alternative to electrify the pump is the diesel water pumping as existing now. 32